This is Gentoo's testing wiki. It is a non-operational environment and its textual content is outdated.
Please visit our production wiki at https://wiki.gentoo.org
Xorg/Guide
Xorg is the X Window server which allows users to have a graphical environment at their fingertips. This guide explains what Xorg is, how to install it, and the various configuration options.
Qu'est-ce que le serveur X Window ?
Environnement graphique vs ligne de commande
L'utilisateur moyen peut être effrayé à l'idée d'avoir à taper des commandes. Pourquoi ne pourrait-il pas pointer avec la souris et cliquer pour se frayer son chemin dans l'espace de liberté procuré par Gentoo (et Linux en général) ? Eh bien, naturellement, il peut le faire ! Linux offre une grande variété d'interfaces utilisateur très attractives et des environnements que vous pouvez installer au-dessus de votre installation existante.
C'est une des plus grandes surprises pour les nouveaux utilisateurs de découvrir que l'interface utilisateur graphique, n'est rien d'autre qu'une application qui tourne sur leur système. Ce n'est pas une partie du noyau Linux, ou une autre fonctionnalité interne du système. C'est un outil puissant qui active complètement les capacités graphiques de votre station de travail.
Comme les normes sont importantes, une norme pour dessiner et déplacer des fenêtres sur l'écran, interagissant avec l'utilisateur via la souris, le clavier et autres dispositifs, a été créée et nommée le système X Window', couramment abrégé en X11 ou tout simplement X. Ce système est utilisé sur Unix, Linux et les systèmes d'exploitation basés sur Unix à travers le monde entier.
L'application qui permet aux utilisateurs d'exécuter les interfaces graphiques et qui se base sur la norme X11 est Xorg-X11, un embranchement du projet XFree86. XFree86 ayant décidé d'utiliser une licence qui pourrait s'avérer incompatible avec la licence GPL, l'utilisation de Xorg est par conséquent recommandée. L'arbre de Portage ne contient plus de paquet XFree86 dorénavant.
Le projet X.org
Le projet X.org a créé et tient à jour une mise en œuvre du système X11 librement distribuable et open-source. Il s'agit d'une infrastructure de bureau open-source basée sur X11.
Xorg procure une interface entre votre matériel et l'application graphique que vous voulez exécuter. En plus de cela, Xorg est compatible avec le fonctionnement en réseau, ce qui signifie que vous pouvez exécuter une application sur un système tout en visualisant les résultats sur un autre.
Installer Xorg
Before you can install Xorg, you need to prepare your system for it. First, we'll set up the kernel to support input devices and video cards. Then we'll prepare /etc/portage/make.conf so that the right drivers and Xorg packages are built and installed.
Prise en charge des pilotes de périphérique d'entrée
Support for Event interface (CONFIG_INPUT_EVDEV) needs to be activated by making a change to the kernel configuration. Read the Kernel Configuration Guide if you don't know how to setup your kernel.
'"`UNIQ--pre-00000001-QINU`"'
Kernel modesetting
Modern open source video drivers rely on kernel mode setting (KMS). KMS provides an improved graphical boot with less flickering, faster user switching, a built-in framebuffer console, seamless switching from the console to Xorg, and other features.
KMS conflicts with legacy framebuffer drivers, which must remain disabled in the kernel configuration.
First prepare the kernel for KMS. This step regardless of which Xorg video driver will be used:
Device Drivers ---> Graphics support ---> Frame Buffer Devices ---> <*> Support for frame buffer devices ---> ## (Disable all drivers, including VGA, Intel, nVidia, and ATI, except EFI-based Framebuffer Support, only if you are using UEFI) ## (Further down, enable basic console support. KMS uses this.) Console display driver support ---> <*> Framebuffer Console Support
Next configure the kernel to use the proper KMS driver for the video card. Intel, nVidia, and AMD/ATI are the most common cards, so follow code listing for each card below.
For Intel cards see the kernel section of the Intel article.
Pour les cartes nVidia :
Device Drivers ---> Graphics support ---> <M/*> Nouveau (nVidia) cards
Pour les cartes AMD/ATI les plus récentes (RadeonHD 2000 et postérieures), vous devrez installer x11-drivers/radeon-ucode ou sys-kernel/linux-firmware. Une fois que vous avez installé un de ces paquets, configurez votre noyau comme expliqué en détails dans la section firmware de la page Radeon::
## (Setup the kernel to use the radeon-ucode firmware) Device Drivers ---> Generic Driver Options ---> [*] Include in-kernel firmware blobs in kernel binary ## # ATI card specific, (see Radeon page for details which firmware files to include) (radeon/<CARD-MODEL>.bin ...) ## # Specify the root directory (/lib/firmware/) External firmware blobs to build into the kernel binary ## (Enable Radeon KMS support) Device Drivers ---> Graphics support ---> <M/*> ATI Radeon [*] Enable modesetting on radeon by default [ ] Enable userspace modesetting on radeon (DEPRECATED)
## (Setup the kernel to use the amdgpu firmware) Device Drivers ---> Generic Driver Options ---> [*] Include in-kernel firmware blobs in kernel binary ## # AMD card specific, (see AMDGPU page for details which firmware files to include) (amdgpu/<CARD-MODEL>.bin ...) ## # Specify the root directory (/lib/firmware/) External firmware blobs to build into the kernel binary ## (Enable Radeon KMS support) Device Drivers ---> Graphics support ---> <M/*> Direct Rendering Manager (XFree86 4.1.0 and higher DRI support) ---> <M/*> AMD GPU [ /*] Enable amdgpu support for SI parts [ /*] Enable amdgpu support for CIK parts [*] Enable AMD powerplay component ACP (Audio CoProcessor) Configuration ---> [*] Enable AMD Audio CoProcessor IP support (CONFIG_DRM_AMD_ACP) Display Engine Configuration ---> [*] AMD DC - Enable new display engine [ /*] DC support for Polaris and older ASICs [ /*] AMD FBC - Enable Frame Buffer Compression [ /*] DCN 1.0 Raven family <M/*> HSA kernel driver for AMD GPU devices
Old Radeon cards (X1900 series and older) do not need extra firmware or any firmware configuration. For them simply enable the Direct Rendering Manager (DRM) and ATI Radeon modesetting.
Linux kernel >= 3.9 does not have the Enable modesetting on radeon by default since it is already implied by default. Do not be alarmed if you find this option missing in new kernels.
Linux kernel >= 4.15 does include Display Core (DC) which is required for AMDGPU to work. This newer driver was written for GCN5.0 Vega and DCN1.0 Raven Ridge (APU), but also adds additional functionality for older Radeon graphics cards starting with GCN1.1 Southern Islands and newer. It is planned to make this additional support for older Radeon cards the standard, so do not be alarmed if you find this option missing in newer kernels.
Exit the kernel configuration, rebuild the kernel, and reboot.
Now that KMS has been set up, continue preparing /etc/portage/make.conf in the next section.
make.conf
Now that the kernel is prepared, two important variables in the /etc/portage/make.conf file must be configured before installing Xorg.
The first variable is VIDEO_CARDS. This is used to set the video drivers that you intend to use and is usually based on the kind of video card you have. The most common settings are nouveau for nVidia cards or radeon for ATI cards. Both have actively developed, well-supported open-source drivers. If you have a newer AMD video card (Southern Islands and up), you may also try the new open-source amdgpu driver. See the AMDGPU article for more details.
Vous pouvez aussi essayer les pilotes propriétaire de nVidia et d'AMD/ATI,
nvidia et fglrx respectivement. Cependant, définir les pilotes propriétaire sort du champ de ce guide. Reportez-vous au guide guide nVidia de Gentoo Linux et à la FAQ ATI de Gentoo Linux. . Si vous ne savez pas quel pilote choisir, reportez-vous à ces guides pour plus d'informations.Le pilote intel peut être utilisé pour les stations de travail ou les ordinateurs portables munis des jeux de circuits Intel courants intégrés.
The VIDEO_CARDS variable may contain more than one value as long as each value is separated by a space.
The second variable is INPUT_DEVICES and is used to determine which drivers are to be built for input devices.
make.defaults has Libinput as the default input device driver.
To check what is presently activated, run:
user $portageq envvar INPUT_DEVICESIn case alternative input devices, such as a Synaptics touchpad for a laptop are needed, be sure to add them to INPUT_DEVICES the /etc/portage/make.conf file:
## (Pour la prise en charge de la souris, du clavier et du pavé tactile Synaptics) INPUT_DEVICES="evdev synaptics" ## (Pour des cartes nVidia) VIDEO_CARDS="nouveau" ## (Pour les cartes AMD/ATI) VIDEO_CARDS="radeon"
Si les définitions suggérées ne fonctionnent pas pour vous, vous devriez installer le paquet emerge -pv xorg-drivers, passer en revue toutes les options disponibles et choisir celles qui s'appliquent à votre système. Cet exemple est pour un système doté d'un clavier, d'une souris, d'un pavé tactile Synaptics et d'une carte vidéo Radeon.
root #emerge --ask --verbose x11-base/xorg-driversThese are the packages that would be merged, in order: Calculating dependencies... done! [ebuild R ] x11-base/xorg-drivers-1.9 INPUT_DEVICES="evdev synaptics -acecad -aiptek -elographics% -fpit% -joystick -keyboard -mouse -penmount -tslib -virtualbox -vmmouse -void -wacom" VIDEO_CARDS="radeon -apm -ark -ast -chips -cirrus -dummy -epson -fbdev -fglrx (-geode) -glint -i128 (-i740) (-impact) -intel -mach64 -mga -neomagic (-newport) -nouveau -nv -nvidia -r128 -rendition -s3 -s3virge -savage -siliconmotion -sis -sisusb (-sunbw2) (-suncg14) (-suncg3) (-suncg6) (-sunffb) (-sunleo) (-suntcx) -tdfx -tga -trident -tseng -v4l -vesa -via -virtualbox -vmware (-voodoo) (-xgi)" 0 kB
Après avoir défini toutes les variables nécessaires, Xorg peut être installé.
root #emerge --ask xorg-serverThe x11-base/xorg-x11 meta-package could be installed instead of the more lightweight x11-base/xorg-server. Functionally x11-base/xorg-x11 and x11-base/xorg-server are the same, however x11-base/xorg-x11 brings in many more packages that most systems will probably not require. Additional packages include a large assortment of fonts in many languages. They are not necessary for a working X11 framework.
Dès que l'installation est terminée, vous devez réinitialiser quelques variables d'environnement avant de continuer :
root #env-update
root #source /etc/profile
Utilisateurs NVidia
For NVidia users it might be beneficial to run nvidia-xconfig in order to generate a working xorg.conf file for the selected graphics card. Without this step the xorg.conf file will need to be created manually as described below. Missing the xorg.conf will sometimes generate a "No screens found" error to the terminal when attempting to startx.
Also the NVidia driver will only work after a reboot, so be sure to restart the system after running nvidia-xconfig.
root #nvidia-xconfigIl est possible - et même recommandé - de choisir le moteur de rendu OpenGL matériel plutôt que logiciel :
root #eselect opengl set nvidiaConfigurer Xorg
The X server is designed to work out-of-the-box, with no need to manually edit Xorg's configuration files. It should detect and configure devices such as displays, keyboards, and mice.
Vous devriez d'abord essayer utiliser startx sans éditer aucun fichier de configuration. Si Xorg en démarre pas, où s'il y a un autre problème, alors vous devez configurer Xorg à la main comme expliqué dans la section qui suit.
If changes have been made to the kernel, do not forget to restart the system before using startx in order to be using the newly built kernel. If the kernel was updated to a newer version in the process this will most likely require the bootloader's configuration files to be updated as well.
Le répertoire xorg.conf.d
Configuring files in xorg.conf.d should be seen as a last resort option. If possible it is desirable to run Xorg without any special configuration.
Most of the configuration files for Xorg are stored in /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/. Each file is given a unique name and ends in .conf. The file names in Xorg's configuration directory will be read in alpha numeric order. For example, 10-evdev.conf will be read before 20-synaptics.conf; a-evdev.conf will be read before b-synaptics.conf, and so on. The files in this directory are not required to be numbered, but doing so will help to keep them organized. Organization is helpful when debugging faulty configuration files.
Xorg provides example configurations in /usr/share/doc/xorg-server-${version}/xorg.conf.example.bz2. These can be used to create custom configuration files in /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/. The examples are heavily commented, but if more documentation regarding the syntax is needed, man xorg.conf is always available. Other examples can be found in the section Other resources at the end of this guide.
Utiliser startx
Try startx to start up the X server. startx is a script (it's installed by x11-apps/xinit) that executes an X session; that is, it starts the X server and some graphical applications on top of it. It decides which applications to run using the following logic:
- Si un fichier nommé .xinitrc existe dans le répertoire home, il exécute les commandes qu'il y trouve.
- Otherwise, it will read the value of the XSESSION variable from the /etc/env.d/90xsession file and execute the relevant session accordingly. Values for XSESSION are available in /etc/X11/Sessions/. To set a system wide default session run:
root #echo XSESSION="Xfce4" > /etc/env.d/90xsession
- This will create the 90xsession file and set the default X session to Xfce. Remember to run env-update after making changes to 90xsession.
user $startxSi vous n'avez pas encore installé un gestionnaire de fenêtres, vous verrez un écran noir. Comme cela peut aussi être le signe que quelque chose ne va pas, vous devriez installer twm et xterm juste pour tester X .
Once the programs are installed, run startx again. A few xterm windows should appear, making it easy to verify the X server is working correctly. Once satisfied with the results, unmerge x11-wm/twm and x11-terms/xterm if installed in the step above to remove the testing packages. They will not be needed to setup a proper desktop environment.
The session (program to start) could also be given as an argument to startx:
user $startx /usr/bin/startfluxboxYou can also pass X11 server options, by preceding them with a double dash:
user $startx -- vt7Peaufiner les réglages de X
Définir votre résolution d'écran
If the screen resolution looks to be wrong, you will need to check two sections in your xorg.conf.d configuration. First of all, you have the Screen section which lists the resolutions that your X server will run at. This section might not list any resolutions at all. If this is the case, Xorg will estimate the resolutions based on the information in the second section, Monitor.
Now let us change the resolution. In the next example from /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/40-monitor.conf we add the PreferredMode line so that our X server starts at 1440x900 by default. The Option in the Device section must match the name of your monitor (DVI-0), which can be obtained by running xrandr. Install xrandr (emerge xrandr) just long enough to get this information. The argument after the monitor name (in the Device section) must match the Identifier in the Monitor section.
root #nano -w /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/40-monitor.confSection "Device" Identifier "RadeonHD 4550" Option "Monitor-DVI-0" "DVI screen" EndSection Section "Monitor" Identifier "DVI screen" Option "PreferredMode" "1440x900" EndSection
Run X (startx) to discover it uses the desired resolution.
Moniteurs multiples
More than one monitor in can be established in /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/. Give each monitor a unique identifier, then list its physical position, such as "RightOf" or "Above" another monitor. The following example shows how to configure a DVI and a VGA monitor, with the VGA monitor as the right-hand screen:
root #nano -w /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/40-monitor.confSection "Device" Identifier "RadeonHD 4550" Option "Monitor-DVI-0" "DVI screen" Option "Monitor-VGA-0" "VGA screen" EndSection Section "Monitor" Identifier "DVI screen" EndSection Section "Monitor" Identifier "VGA screen" Option "RightOf" "DVI screen" EndSection
Configurer le clavier
To setup X to use an international keyboard create the appropriate config file in /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/. This example features a Czech keyboard layout:
root #nano -w /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/30-keyboard.confSection "InputClass"
Identifier "keyboard-all"
Driver "evdev"
Option "XkbLayout" "us,cz"
Option "XkbModel" "logitech_g15"
Option "XkbRules" "xorg"
Option "XkbOptions" "grp:alt_shift_toggle,grp:switch,grp_led:scroll,compose:rwin,terminate:ctrl_alt_bksp"
Option "XkbVariant" ",qwerty"
MatchIsKeyboard "on"
EndSection
For methods of switching the keyboard layout see the Keyboard layout switching article.
La commande terminate ( terminate:ctrl_alt_bksp ) vous permet de tuer la session X à l'aide de la combinaison de touches Ctrl-Alt-Backspace. Néanmoins, ceci provoque une sortie de X disgracieuse -- quelque chose que vous ne souhaitez pas toujours. Cela peut être utile, lorsque des programmes figent votre écran totalement, ou quand vous peaufinez la configuration de votre environnement Xorg.
Soyez prudent en tuant votre environnement de bureau de cette manière -- la plupart des programmes n'aiment pas ça et peuvent perdre une partie ( voire la totalité) des données sur lesquelles vous étiez en train de travailler.
Pour terminer
Run startx and be happy about the result. Congratulations, you now (hopefully) have a working Xorg! The next step is to install a useful window manager or desktop environment such as KDE, GNOME, or Xfce. Information on installing these desktop environments can be found here on the wiki.
Voir aussi
- Wayland - The next generation windowing protocol for Linux.
- X (Security Handbook) - The Security Handbook's entry on securing the X server.
Ressources
Créer et éditer les fichiers de configuration
man xorg.conf and man evdev provide quick yet complete references about the syntax used by these configuration files. Be sure to have them open on a terminal when editing Xorg configuration files!
Il existe aussi beaucoup de ressources en ligne sur l'édition des fichiers de configuration dans /etc/X11/. Nous nous contentons d'en donner quelques unes ici ; utilisez Google pour en savoir plus.
Autres ressources
More information about installing and configuring various graphical desktop environments and applications can be found in the section of our documentation.
When upgrading to xorg-server 1.9 or higher, be sure to read the migration guide.
X.org fournit beaucoup de FAQs sur son site WEB, en plus de la documentation.
This page is based on a document formerly found on our main website gentoo.org.
The following people contributed to the original document: Sven Vermeulen (SwifT), Joshua Saddler (nightmorph)
They are listed here because wiki history does not allow for any external attribution. If you edit the wiki article, please do not add yourself here; your contributions are recorded on each article's associated history page.