Mutt

本指南介绍如何开始使用强大的命令行电子邮件客户端mutt。

介绍

如果你不喜欢带有花哨的图形用户界面的电子邮件客户端，或者你希望能够通过SSH连接阅读某些邮件，那么基于控制台的邮件客户端可能适合你。

Mutt是基于控制台的邮件客户端之一，它仍在积极开发，拥有大量的支持者（和用户）。它功能强大，高度可定制，体积小，效率高。

尽管Mutt最初设计用于从本地mbox邮件缓冲区读取邮件(例如/var/spool/mail/)，但它现在完全支持Maildir存储的文件夹，从POP3服务器远程获取邮件并管理IMAP帐户。有关Mutt的完整描述，请阅读Mutt手册和Mutt网站http://www.mutt.org/。

安装

Starting your Mutt adventure simply requires you to emerge it. Unfortunately, Mutt has a lots of options, which enable or disable certain functionalities of Mutt. We now briefly discuss the most important USE flags that you may want to enable based on your intended usage of Mutt. Please note that enabling most of them won't harm your Mutt, but may make it do more than an experienced Mutt user would like.

root #emerge --ask --verbose mail-client/mutt

First off, for newcomers, the imap USE flag is most probably the most important one. Enabling it won't hurt anything, so if you're unsure what account you're going to use Mutt with, just enable it. Most email providers, even free ones such as GMail, use IMAP these days, for it is the most convenient way to store email that is accessed from multiple clients at the same time and/or different locations. Because IMAP keeps all mail at the server, Mutt just downloads the messages that you want to view.

Often you happen to jump through a couple of messages a couple of times shortly after each other, which would require to download the same message over and over again. Since this simply is a waste, Mutt uses a so-called header cache (hcache) to keep the most important bits of messages that it needs. This hcache is backed by a db-library, of which four flavours exist: gdbm, berkdb, qdbm, and tokyocabinet. If you don't have any preference yourself, pick gdbm or berkdb. Most likely you will have both already installed on your system. Enabling the USE flags for more than one hcache backend will make Mutt choose one it likes best. It will always use at most one.

While IMAP is important for reading mail, sending mail requires a mail server. Mutt can talk to a mail server that exists on the local system, but often that's not the case, or simply not a good solution for e.g. laptop users that often travel around. Mutt comes with SMTP support which gets enabled by the smtp USE flag. Again, enabling it if you're not sure doesn't harm. Mutt's SMTP support allows you just to send mail over a mail server of your choice; usually the one that you are given by your email provider.

Both IMAP and SMTP mostly go over encrypted channels these days, hence if you enabled any of both, it is wise to also enable either of the ssl or gnutls USE flags. Both just add the secure variants (imaps and smtps) to Mutt's list of supported protocols using either OpenSSL's or GNUTLS' implementation. If you don't have a strong preference for either, just go for ssl. Most likely this is in your global USE already anyway. If you intend to authenticate yourself when sending e-mail, be sure to also include sasl in your USE flags, since that's a prerequisite for that.

Last but not least, there is the sidebar USE flag. It enables an extension to Mutt that can show a navigation pane of available mailboxes on the left hand side of the screen. While this is not a recommended feature for absolute newcomers (it is nowhere mentioned in any official docs, since it simply isn't official), more experienced users might like its functionality. Luckily, just enabling the USE flag doesn't make it visible at all, meaning you don't even notice it's enabled.

配置

After you emerged Mutt with your USE flags of choice, the only necessary step is to create a .muttrc file in your home directory. Muttrc's are to be found in many places on the web and in Mutt's documentation. In /usr/share/doc/mutt-<version>/samples you can find some muttrc samples that are from the official distribution. We discuss a very minimal .muttrc for an IMAP based account with SMTP mail delivery below.

FILE ~/.muttrcA .muttrc example file

# character set on messages that we send
set send_charset="utf-8"
# if there is no character set given on incoming messages, it is probably windows
set assumed_charset="iso-8859-1"
  
# make sure Vim knows Mutt is a mail client and that we compose an UTF-8 encoded message
set editor="vim -c 'set syntax=mail ft=mail enc=utf-8'"
  
# just scroll one line instead of full page
set menu_scroll=yes
  
# we want to see some MIME types inline, see below this code listing for explanation
auto_view application/msword
auto_view application/pdf
  
# make default search pattern to search in To, Cc and Subject
set simple_search="~f %s | ~C %s | ~s %s"
  
# threading preferences, sort by threads
set sort=threads
set strict_threads=yes
  
# show spam score (from SpamAssassin only) when reading a message
spam "X-Spam-Score: ([0-9\\.]+).*" "SA: %1"
set pager_format = " %C - %[%H:%M] %.20v, %s%* %?H? [%H] ?"
  
# do not show all headers, just a few
ignore          *
unignore        From To Cc Bcc Date Subject
# and in this order
unhdr_order     *
hdr_order       From: To: Cc: Bcc: Date: Subject:
  
# brighten up stuff with colours, for more colouring examples see:
# http://aperiodic.net/phil/configs/mutt/colors
color normal      white          black
color hdrdefault  green          default
color quoted      green          default
color quoted1     yellow         default
color quoted2     red            default
color signature   cyan           default
color indicator   brightyellow   red
color error       brightred      default
color status      brightwhite    blue
color tree        brightmagenta  black
color tilde       blue           default
color attachment  brightyellow   default
color markers     brightred      default
color message     white          black
color search      brightwhite    magenta
color bold        brightyellow   default
# if you don't like the black progress bar at the bottom of the screen,
# comment out the following line
color progress    white          black
  
# personality settings
set realname = "Andrew Dalziel"
set from = "andy@mail.server"
alternates "andrew@mail.server|andrew.dalziel@mail.server"
# this file must exist, and contains your signature, comment it out if
# you don't want a signature to be used
set signature = ~/.signature
  
# aliases (sort of address book)
source ~/.aliases
  
# IMAP connection settings
set mail_check=60
set imap_keepalive=300
  
# IMAP account settings
set folder=imaps://andy@imap.mail.server/
set spoolfile=imaps://andy@imap.mail.server/
set record=imaps://andy@imap.mail.server/Sent
set postponed=imaps://andy@imap.mail.server/Drafts
  
# use headercache for IMAP (make sure this is a directory for performance!)
set header_cache=/var/tmp/.mutt
  
# mailboxes we want to monitor for new mail
mailboxes "="
mailboxes "=Lists"
  
# mailing lists we are on (these are regexps!)
subscribe "gentoo-.*@gentoo\\.org"
  
# SMTP mailing configuration (for sending mail)
set smtp_url=smtp://mail.server/

Note
It is good practice to review all settings from the example above. There are many more, and some preferences may actually not match yours. Keep that in mind when you feel that Mutt at first doesn't really work the way you like.

The example .muttrc above sets up an IMAP account, uses an SMTP server to send mail, stores its cache in /var/tmp/.mutt, reads the known address aliases (think of it as an address book) from ~/.aliases and appends the signature from ~/.signature when composing new mail. For some IMAP servers it may be necessary to change the spool, record and postponed directories, as the folders Sent and Drafts may be under a folder called INBOX. Simply trying this out with Mutt is the simplest way to figure this out.

Once your .muttrc is setup, you are ready to launch Mutt by just running mutt. If you entered a valid IMAP server url, Mutt will prompt you for your password and afterwards load all messages for you. Note that the first time entering your mailbox may take a while if you have quite some messages, since Mutt's header cache is still empty. If this succeeds you're in your IMAP mailbox ready to go.

Navigation is intuitive, as is reading messages by just pressing the Enter key or Space bar. Mutt is quite Vim alike in that it uses key strokes to perform most of its actions. You best read Mutt's manual on the web to get yourself known with all existing functions (or press ? in Mutt) and what key they are bound to, or better, what key you like it to be bound to. Some essential keys are m (for message) to start composing a new message, q for quit, r for reply, s for save and p for print.

One of the features that Mutt has that is still not in today's most savvy email clients is the ability to display attachments inline through some viewer. The auto_view directive in the .muttrc file tells Mutt which attachments (based on their MIME-type) it should view inline. To figure out how to do that, Mutt uses mailcap files to lookup how to display a certain MIME-type. Usually the system wide mailcap file isn't sufficient here, so you better start a ~/.mailcap file to put items in there for copiousoutput that Mutt can display inline.

In the example .muttrc above auto_view is enabled for application/msword and application/pdf files. These two show the extreme usefulness of this capability, because it means meeting notes sent as doc file now are perfectly fine readable without having to save the attachment and open it in LibreOffice. Instead the text just shows up in the message reader, that is, if you have a matching entry in your ~/.mailcap file.

FILE ~/.mailcapExample .mailcap file

application/msword; antiword '%s'; copiousoutput; description=Word Document;
nametemplate=%s.doc
application/pdf; pdftotext '%s' -; copiousoutput; description=PDF Document;
nametemplate=%s.pdf

The above .mailcap example tells Mutt what to do to "view" msword and pdf files. For the former it should run a program called antiword (emerge app-text/antiword), for the latter the program pdftotext (emerge app-text/poppler). You can go wild with these to for example display rendered HTML (give app-text/vilistextum a try), render vcards, or show ASCII representation of attached images. All you need to do is define how to call the program in your .mailcap, and tell Mutt to try to view it inline using the auto_view directive.

总结

Mutt is a very versatile console email client. If you like the concept, Mutt can be altered to behave in nearly any way through its configuration. Search the web to find others explaining how they did "it", or find one of the many patches that exist to make Mutt do even more. Gentoo applies a couple of very popular patches to Mutt, so make sure to check mutt -v if you want something more to make sure it is not yet already at your disposal. While learning Mutt is not necessarily easy, once it is in your fingers, it can make your mail experience much faster and efficient than with other clients. Searching for example is quite powerful if you know how to hit the right flags and know which regular expression narrows your search down. Enjoy Mutting!

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This page is based on a document formerly found on our main website gentoo.org.
The following people contributed to the original document: Fabian Groffen
They are listed here because wiki history does not allow for any external attribution. If you edit the wiki article, please do not add yourself here; your contributions are recorded on each article's associated history page.