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This guide is meant to be a repository of alternative Gentoo installation methods, for those with special installation needs such as lack of a CD-ROM or a computer that cannot boot CDs.

About this guide

If the standard boot-from-CD install method doesn't work (or just impossible to use, or is just disliked), some help can be found here. This guide serves to provide a repository of alternative Gentoo Linux installation techniques to those who need them. Or, if preferred, it serves as a place to put wacky installation methods. If there is an installation method that has been found useful, or the reader has devised an amusing way of installing Gentoo, please don't hesitate to write something up here, in this article.

스마트 부트매니저로 설치 CD 부팅

Download Smart BootManager available from http://btmgr.sourceforge.net/download.html. Linux source or binary format and windows .exe versions are available as well as many language packs. However, at this time, the preferred method would be to use the binary format, as the source will not compile with newer versions of NASM.

Either compile the package from source or just grab the binary. There are several options that can be utilized while creating a boot floppy, as seen below.

user $sbminst --help
sbminst [-t theme] [-d drv] [-b backup_file] [-u backup_file]
  
   -t theme       select the theme to be used, in which the theme could be:
                    us = English theme       de = German theme
                    hu = Hungarian theme     zh = Chinese theme
                    ru = Russian theme       cz = Czech theme
                    es = Spanish theme       fr = French theme
                    pt = Portuguese theme
  
   -d drv         set the drive that you want to install Smart BootManager on;
                  for Linux:
                    /dev/fd0 is the first floppy driver,
                    /dev/hda is the first IDE harddisk driver.
                    /dev/sda is the first SCSI harddisk driver.
                  for DOS:
                    0   is the first floppy drive
                    128 is the first hard drive;
  
   -c             disable CD-ROM booting feature;
  
   -b backup_file backup the data that will be overwritten for
                  future uninstallation;
  
   -u backup_file uninstall Smart BootManager, should be used alone;
  
   -y             do not ask any question or warning.

sbminst 명령으로 부팅 플로피를 만드십시오:

root #sbminst -t us -d /dev/fd0
참고
fd0을 올바른 플로피 장치 이름으로 바꾸십시오.

이제 컴퓨터의 플로피 드라이브에 플로피 디스크를 넣고 마찬가지로 CD-ROM에 설치 CD를 넣은 다음 컴퓨터를 부팅하십시오.

The Smart BootManager dialog will appear. Select the CD-ROM and press the Enter (Return) key to boot the Install CD. Once booted proceed with the standard installation instructions.

Smart BootManager에 대한 더 많은 도움말은 http://btmgr.sourceforge.net/에서 찾아보십시오.

비 젠투 LiveCD에서 설치

도입부

중요
비 젠투 LiveCD로 인해 뭔가가 잘못되어, 문제를 고치거나, 해결할 수 없고, LiveCD 어디에든 도움이 될만한 문서를 찾을 수 없다면 젠투 개발자가 지원해드릴 수 없습니다. 오직 젠투 LiveCD를 사용하는 경우에만 공식적으로 지원합니다. 대체 설치 미디어를 사용하는 동안 문제에 휘말렸다면, 젠투 포럼 커뮤니티를 방문하십시오.

Users can boot other LiveCDs besides the Gentoo-provided CDs. Regardless, these LiveCDs provide a functional environment to use while compiling and installing Gentoo. The instructions provided here should work in principle with just about any other LiveCD.

There are too many LiveCDs out there to list, but an option might be to try out Knoppix. It provides a full graphical desktop, with office applications, web browsers, and games to keep busy. Knoppix is only available for x86 users, so depending on the user's requirements another LiveCD or method may need to be used.

경고
젠투 시스템을 설치하는데 기다리는 동안 LiveCD의 내 폴더에 무언가를 저장했는지 확인하십시오. 젠투로 다시 부팅하면 저장한 내용은 사용할 수 없습니다. 중요한 파일은 하드디스크 또는 다른 컴퓨터에 저장하십시오!

설치 절차

LiveCD로 부팅하십시오. 터미널을 열고 su -를 실행하여 암호를 바꿀 수 있게 하십시오. CD의 루트 암호를 바꿀 수 있습니다. 이제 필요할 경우 원격 로그인을 목적으로 sshd 데몬을 설정할 수 있습니다. 다음, /mnt/gentoo 마운트 지점을 만들어야합니다.

root #mkdir /mnt/gentoo

이 시점에서 디스크 준비에 있는 표준 설치 문서를 따라할 수 있습니다. 시스템에서 proc 시스템 마운트를 요청하면, 다음 명령을 대신 실행하십시오:

root #mount -o bind /proc /mnt/gentoo/proc

When unpacking the stage tarball in Unpacking the stage tarball, be sure to use the following tar command options to ensure that proper group IDs are enforced on the unpacked stage:

root #tar --numeric-owner --xattrs -xvjpf stage3-*.tar.bz2 -C /mnt/gentoo

If Ubuntu is being used, note that /dev/shm is a symbolic link to /run/shm. It must be bind-mounted or a tmpfs mount has to be set at this location (within the chroot path). To bind-mount the location, run the following command (before chrooting):

root #mount --rbind /run/shm /mnt/gentoo/run/shm

This is to avoid bug #496328 where Python sees sem_open() as broken (due to lack of /dev/shm) and Portage seeing that as an error (technically Python configuration would continue and build assuming the POSIX_SEMAPHORES_NOT_ENABLED variable has been enabled but this would lead to a very undesired Python build).

Once ready to chroot into the unpacked stage in Installing Base System, a different chroot command sequence will need to be used. This ensures that the environment variables are properly setup.

참고
일부 LiveCD는 괴상한 환경 설정을 사용하기 때문에, 이런 상태를 정리하고 제대로 된 환경을 만들려면 env -i 옵션을 활용하십시오.
root #chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/env -i TERM=$TERM /bin/bash
root #env-update
root #source /etc/profile
root #export PS1="(chroot) $PS1"

Finally, know that some Portage FEATURES may not work in the LiveCD. Especially watch out for userpriv and usersandbox values. If there are errors, try disabling some or all of the optional FEATURES.

PXE 및 LiveCD의 kernel/initrd/squashfs를 활용한 무 디스크 설치

이 방식은 iSCSI 또는 NFS 기반의 PXE 부팅보다 쉽습니다. TFTP를 통해 배포한 동일한 이미지 셋으로 여러대의 머신이 부팅할 수 있으며 HTTP 또는 기타 프로토콜을 통해 쉽게 확장할 수 있습니다.

이미 이미지로 배포하는 페도라 같은 일부 기타 배포판에서는 라이브 또는 설치 CD를 부트스트래핑 해야 합니다. 젠투에는 해당하지 않습니다. 대신 사용자는 다음 과정을 거쳐야합니다.

  1. Extract kernel, initrd and squashfs from the live CD.
  2. Patch initrd contents.
  3. Merge squashfs into initrd.

Only then can a PXE based boot loader be configured that will load the images and boot into a live system.

Save the following script, make it executable and put its directory value into the PATH variable (or follow the documented steps manually).


코드 gentoo-pxe-boot
#!/bin/bash -xe

tftproot="$1"
image="$2"
tmp="./tmp"

test -z "$tftproot" -o -z "$image" && echo "Usage: $0 <tftproot> <gentoo-iso>" >&2 && exit 1
test -e "$tmp" && echo "Temporary path '$tmp' already exists." >&2 && exit 1

iso="$tmp/iso"
initrd="$tmp/initrd.dir"

# prepare directories
mkdir -p "$tmp" "$iso" "$initrd/mnt/cdrom"

# extract files from ISO image
mount -o ro,loop "$image" "$iso"
cp "$iso"/{image.squashfs,isolinux/gentoo,isolinux/gentoo.igz} "$tmp"
umount "$iso"

# rename kernel
mv "$tmp/gentoo" "$tmp/kernel"

# patch initramfs and add squashfs to it
xz -dc "$tmp/gentoo.igz" | ( cd "$initrd" && cpio -idv )
patch -d "$initrd" -p0 <<'EOF'
--- init.orig	2016-01-02 00:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ init	2016-01-02 00:00:00.000000000 +0100
@@ -455,9 +455,9 @@
 		CHROOT=${NEW_ROOT}
 	fi
 
-	if [ /dev/nfs != "$REAL_ROOT" ] && [ sgimips != "$LOOPTYPE" ] && [ 1 != "$aufs" ]; then
-		bootstrapCD
-	fi
+#	if [ /dev/nfs != "$REAL_ROOT" ] && [ sgimips != "$LOOPTYPE" ] && [ 1 != "$aufs" ]; then
+#		bootstrapCD
+#	fi
 
 	if [ "${REAL_ROOT}" = '' ]
 	then
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@
 		else
 			bad_msg "Block device ${REAL_ROOT} is not a valid root device..."
 			REAL_ROOT=""
-			got_good_root=0
+			got_good_root=1
 		fi
 	done
 
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@
 	[ -z "${LOOP}" ] && find_loop
 	[ -z "${LOOPTYPE}" ] && find_looptype
 
-	cache_cd_contents
+	#cache_cd_contents
 
 	# If encrypted, find key and mount, otherwise mount as usual
 	if [ -n "${CRYPT_ROOT}" ]
EOF
cp "$tmp/image.squashfs" "$initrd/mnt/cdrom"
( cd "$initrd" && find . -print | cpio -o -H newc | gzip -9 -c - ) > "$tmp/initrd"

# prepare boot data
grub2-mknetdir -v --net-directory="$tftproot"
cat > "$tftproot/boot/grub/grub.cfg" <<'EOF'
menuentry "Gentoo Live" {
    linux /boot/kernel root=/dev/ram0 init=/linuxrc loop=/image.squashfs looptype=squashfs cdroot=1 real_root=/
    initrd /boot/initrd
}
EOF
cp "$tmp"/{kernel,initrd} "$tftproot/boot"

# cleanup
rm -rf "$tmp"


Download the minimal installation CD. Install net-ftp/tftp-hpa, make sure it serves /tftproot and start it.

적당한 매개 변수를 넣어 스크립트를 실행하십시오.

root #gentoo-pxe-boot /tftproot install-amd64-minimal-20141204.iso

Now the TFTP boot service is ready, so the next step is to configure a DHCP service. Setting up a DHCP server on the same machine is possible - just make sure that the booted machines are connected to it. Or just tweak the configuration of an existing router.

Example configuration for OpenWRT DHCP service follows:

파일 /etc/config/dhcp
config boot linux                   
        option filename boot/grub/i386-pc/core.0
        option servername boot
        option serveraddress 84.246.161.86

PXE 부팅 방식 및 NFS로 무(無)디스크 설치

요구 사항

PXE(Preboot eXecution Environment)는 PXE 기능을 갖춘 네트워크 인터페이스(와 PXE 지원 BIOS)로 컴퓨터를 부팅하는 방식입니다. 시스템의 네트워크 인터페이스 또는 BIOS에서 PXE 부팅을 지원하지 않는 경우, 블록 장치(CD 또는 USB)에서 부팅하는 방식처럼 PXE를 활용할 수 있습니다. 각각의 경우, 최소한의 부팅 환경은 PXE 지원 네트워크 카드 동작을 흉내냅니다(Etherboot/gPXE 참조).

서버 베이스 설정

디렉터리 만들기: 우선 해야할 일은 무 디스크 시스템을 저장할 디렉터리를 만드는것입니다. 만들 디렉터리의 이름은 /diskless 이며, 디스크가 없는 클라이언트를 위한 공간입니다. 이후 이 설명서에서는, 동작하는 클라이언트를 'eta'라고 하겠습니다.

root #mkdir -p /diskless/eta

DHCP and TFTP setup: The client will get boot information using DHCP and download all the required files using TFTP.

For dhcpd, just run emerge dhcp (or any other DHCP server of choice). Make sure that the correct interface is selected in /etc/conf.d/dhcpd, and configure it accordingly. Then, add the following on /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf.

참고
This provides a static IP address for the client and the path of a PXE boot image, here pxegrub. The MAC address of the ethernet card of the client in the example has to be replaced with the correct MAC address, as well as the directory where the client files will be stored.
파일 dhcpd.conf
option option-150 code 150 = text ;
ddns-update-style none ;
host eta {
hardware ethernet 00:00:00:00:00:00;
fixed-address ip.add.re.ss;
option option-150 "/eta/boot/grub.lst";
filename "/eta/boot/pxegrub";
}

Next configure the interface in /etc/conf.d/net so that it doesn't get cleared at bootup. See /usr/share/doc/openrc-*/net.example.bz2 for more information.

파일 /etc/conf.d/netEnsure the interface (here eth0 as example) is not reconfigured at boot
config_eth0="noop"

TFTP에서는 net-ftp/tftp-hpa를 이머지하십시오. /etc/conf.d/in.tftpd에 다음 설정을 넣으십시오.

파일 in.tftpd
INTFTPD_PATH="/diskless"
INTFTPD_USER="nobody"
INTFTPD_OPTS="-u ${INTFTPD_USER} -l -vvvvvv -p -c -s ${INTFTPD_PATH}"

Emerge GRUB:

root #emerge --ask sys-boot/grub

Once GRUB is compiled, create the diskless client's boot directory:

root #grub2-mknetdir --net-directory=/diskless/eta

Original way was to copy the PXE image to the diskless client but the path does not seem to exit anymore.

root #mkdir /diskless/eta/boot
root #cp /usr/lib/grub/pxegrub /diskless/eta/boot/pxegrub

위 명령을 처리하고 나면 grub.lst 설정 파일을 편집하십시오.

root #nano -w /diskless/eta/boot/grub.lst
파일 grub.lst
default 0
timeout 30
  
title=Diskless Gentoo
root (nd)
kernel /eta/bzImage ip=dhcp root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=ip.add.re.ss:/diskless/eta
  
# For the nfsroot option, the IP address is the one of the server and
the directory is the one where the diskless client files are located (on the server).

NFS is quite easy to configure. The only thing that has to be done is to add a line on the /etc/exports config file:

파일 /etc/exports
/diskless/eta eta(rw,sync,no_root_squash)

One important thing to do now is to modify the /etc/hosts file to fit requirements.

파일 /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost
192.168.1.10 eta.example.com eta
192.168.1.20 sigma.example.com sigma

서버에 시스템 만들기

A next step is to reboot the server with a Gentoo installation CD (although experienced administrators can continue without if they are sufficiently versed in Gentoo installations). Follow the standard install procedure as explained in the Gentoo Handbook BUT with the following differences: when mounting the file system, execute the next step (where sdaX is the partition where the /diskless directory was created).

root #mount /dev/sdaX /mnt/gentoo

/diskless/eta 디렉터리에 모든 파일이 있기 때문에 다른 파티션은 굳이 마운트할 필요가 없습니다.

This example uses a stage3 tarball. Mount /proc to the diskless directory and chroot into it to continue with the install. Then follow the installation manual until kernel configuration.

경고
Be very careful when extracting the stage tarball to its destination, so as to not end up extracting over an existing installation.
root #cd /mnt/gentoo/diskless/eta/
root #tar -xvjpf /mnt/cdrom/gentoo/stage3-*.tar.bz2
root #mount -t proc /proc /mnt/gentoo/diskless/eta/proc
root #cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/gentoo/diskless/eta/etc/resolv.conf
root #chroot /mnt/gentoo/diskless/eta/ /bin/bash
root #env-update
root #source /etc/profile

When doing the make menuconfig of the kernel configuration, don't forget to enable the following options with the others recommended into the install guide.

커널 Necessary options for diskless installations
'"`UNIQ--pre-0000000D-QINU`"'

Save the kernel in the chrooted / (not in /boot) according to the pxegrub setting defined earlier. Next configure the diskless client's /etc/fstab.

파일 /etc/fstab
'"`UNIQ--pre-00000010-QINU`"'

Now to prevent the client from running a filesystem check:

root #touch /fastboot
root #echo "touch /fastboot" >> /etc/conf.d/local.start

Install net-fs/nfs-utils since the client will heavily depend on it:

root #emerge --ask net-fs/nfs-utils

Do not install another bootloader because there is already one - pxegrub. Simply finish the install and restart the server. Start the services that are needed to boot the new client: DHCP, TFTPD, and NFS.

root #service dhcp start
root #service in.tftpd start
root #service nfs start

새 클라이언트 부팅

For the new client to boot properly, the BIOS and the network card need to be configured to use PXE as the first boot method - before CD-ROM or floppy. For help with this consult the hardware manuals or manufacturers website. The network card should get an IP address using DHCP and download the GRUB PXE image using TFTP. Then, a nice black and white GRUB bootmenu should be displayed from where users can select the kernel to boot and press the Enter (Return) key. If everything is okay the kernel should boot, mount the root filesystem using NFS and provide a login prompt. Enjoy.

기존 리눅스 배포판에서 젠투 설치

요구 사항

In order to install Gentoo from an existing Linux distribution it needs to have the chroot command installed, and have a copy of the Gentoo installation or ISO that's desired to install. A network connection is highly recommended as otherwise the installation can only work with the files available in the installation media. By the way, a tarball is just a file ending in .tbz or .tar.gz. Let's get started!

간단히 살펴보기

First allocate a partition to Gentoo by resizing an existing Linux partition, mount the partition, untar the tarball to the partition that is mounted, chroot inside the pseudo-system and start building. Once the bootstrap process is done, do some final configuration on the system so as to make sure it boots, then reboot and use Gentoo.

젠투에 얼마나 많은 공간이 필요한가요?

The root partition is the filesystem mounted under /. The first example shows the output of mount on a system. The second example uses df (disk free) to see how much space there is left and how it will be resized. Note that resizing the root partition is not mandatory! Anything else supported by the resizer can be resized, but let's talk about that later.

root #mount
/dev/sdb2 on / type ext3 (rw)
none on /proc type proc (rw)
none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nodev,nosuid,noexec)
root #df -h
Filesystem           Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdb2            4.0G 1.9G  2.4G  82% /
none                  38M    0   38M   0% /dev/shm

As can be seen, the partition mounted as / named /dev/sdb2 has 2.4 GB free. In this case, it was decided to be resized as to leave 400 MB of free space, therefore allocating 2 GB for Gentoo. Not bad, it could have quite some stuff installed. However, 1 GB is deemed enough for most users. So now partition this thing!

파티션 크기를 조절할 parted 빌드

경고
이 장은 오래되었기 때문에 parted 버전이 한물 간 채로 젠투 포티지 트리에 남아있다면 제거하겠습니다. 분할 공간 재 조정 기능은 여기에서 언급한 바와 같이 parted에서 제거했습니다.

sys-block/parted is extremely useful for resizing partitions. It is included on the minimal installation CD.

참고
There are other tools for doing resize of partitions as well, but an elaborate description of these tools is outside the scope of this guide.

Look up on that page the type of file system to resize and see if parted can do it. If not: tough luck, some partitions might need to be destroyed to make space for Gentoo, and reinstall back. Go ahead by downloading the software and install it. In the next step, a problem arises. The Linux root partition needs to be resized, therefore a floppy disk with a minimal Linux system must be booted and to use a previously-compiled parted copied to a diskette in order to resize /. If the partition can be unmounted while still running in Linux then the following steps are not needed. Just compile parted and run it on a chosen unmounted partition to resize. Here's how it was done on this system.

중요
Make sure that the operations that are required for partitioning are supported by parted!

http://mininux.free.fr/uk/에서 mininux 부트/루트 디스크(2.4 커널을 갖춘 플로피 디스크 미니 리눅스 배포판 - 꽁짜!)를 가져오시고 플로피 디스크를 프로그램 꾸러미에 딸려온 문서에서 제안한 대로 만든 후, 다음 과정을 위해 새 플로피 디스크를 드라이브에 넣으십시오.

참고
Note again that Linux is synonym of "There's one more way to do it". The objective is to run parted on an unmounted partition so it can do its work. A boot/root diskset other than mininux can be used. This step might not even be needed to do at all: there may only be the need to umount the filesystem to repartition in the Linux session and run parted on it.
root #mkfs.minix /dev/fd0
480 inodes
1440 blocks
Firstdatazone=19 (19)
Zonesize=1024
Maxsize=268966912

Proceed with the build of parted. Download and untar the utility, and cd into the corresponding directory. Now run the following set of commands to build the utility and copy it to the floppy disk.

root #mkdir /floppy
root #mount -t minix /dev/fd0 /floppy
root #export CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -static"
root #./configure
root #make
root #cp parted/parted /floppy
root #umount /floppy

이제 재부팅한 다음 분할 영역 크기를 조절할 때입니다. GUI 웹사이트에 있는 parted 문서를 간단하게 훑어보신 다음에만 이 과정을 진행하십시오. 큰 하드 드라이브의 분할 영역 크기를 조절하는데 30분 이내의 시간이 걸리니 조금만 참으십시오. 시스템을 미니눅스 부팅 디스크로 다시 부팅하고, 로그인한 후, 위에서 만든 유틸리티 디스크로 바꾸십시오. 그 다음 mount /dev/fd0 /floppy 명령으로 /floppy 디렉터리에 플로피 드라이브를 마운트하십시오. parted를 실행하여 분할 영역의 크기를 다시 조절할 수 있게 하십시오. 긴 과정이 끝나면 젠투 설치를 계속 진행하십시오. 이제 예전 리눅스 시스템으로 다시 부팅하여 돌아가십시오. 이제 가동할 드라이브에는 크기를 조절해야 하는 분할 영역이 들어있습니다. 예를 들면 크기를 조절해야 할 분할 영역이 /dev/sda3이다, 그러면 드라이브는 /dev/sda입니다.

root #mount /dev/fd0 /floppy
root #cd /floppy
root #./parted <drive>
(parted)print
Disk geometry for /dev/sdb: 0.000-9787.148 megabytes
Disk label type: msdos
Minor    Start       End     Type      Filesystem  Flags
1          0.031   2953.125  primary   ntfs
3       2953.125   3133.265  primary   linux-swap
2       3133.266   5633.085  primary   ext3
4       5633.086   9787.148  extended
5       5633.117   6633.210  logical
6       6633.242   9787.148  logical   ext3
(parted)help resize
(parted)  help resize 
  resize MINOR START END        resize filesystem on partition MINOR
  
        MINOR is the partition number used by Linux.  On msdos disk labels, the
        primary partitions number from 1-4, and logical partitions are 5
        onwards.
        START and END are in megabytes
(parted)resize 2 3133.266 4000.000
중요
Be patient! The computer is working! Just look at the hard drive LED on the case to see its activity. This should take between 2 and 30 minutes.

Once the resize has finished, boot back into the old Linux as described. Then go to The Gentoo Handbook: Preparing the Disks and follow the instructions. When chrooting, use the following command to flush the environment:

root #env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/bash
root #/usr/sbin/env-update
root #source /etc/profile

고생하셨습니다!

This page is based on a document formerly found on our main website gentoo.org.
The following people contributed to the original document: Gerald Normandin Jr., Travis Tilley, Oleg Raisky, Alex Garbutt, Alexandre Georges, Magnus Backanda, Faust A. Tanasescu, Daniel Ahlberg, Ken Nowack, Tiemo Kieft, Benny Chuang, Jonathan Smith, nightmorph
They are listed here because wiki history does not allow for any external attribution. If you edit the wiki article, please do not add yourself here; your contributions are recorded on each article's associated history page.

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