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Handbook:X86/Installation/Stage/tr
Kurulum dosyasını yüklemek
Tarihi ve saati ayarlamak
Before installing Gentoo, it is a good idea to be sure the date and time are set correctly. A mis-configured clock may lead to strange results: base system files should be extracted with accurate time stamps. In fact, due to several websites and services using encrypted communications (SSL/TLS), it might not be possible to download the installation files at all if the system clock is too far skewed!
Verify the current date and time by running the date command:
root #dateMon Oct 3 13:16:22 PDT 2016
If the date/time displayed is wrong, update it using one of the methods below.
Motherboards that do not include a Real-Time Clock (RTC) should be configured to automatically sync the system clock with a time server. This is also true for systems that do include a RTC, but have a failed battery.
Automatic
Official Gentoo installation media includes the ntpd command (available through the net-misc/ntp package). Official media includes a configuration file pointing to ntp.org time servers. It can be used to automatically sync the system clock to UTC time using a time server. Using this method requires a working network configuration and may not be available on all architectures.
Automatic time sync comes at a price. It will reveal the system's IP address and related network information to a time server (in the case of the example below ntp.org). Users with privacy concerns should be aware of this before setting the system clock using the below method.
root #ntpd -q -gManual
The date command can also be used to perform a manual set on the system clock. Use the MMDDhhmmYYYY syntax (Month, Day, hour, minute and Year).
UTC time is recommended for all Linux systems. Later on during the installation a timezone will be defined. This will modify the display of the clock to local time.
For instance, to set the date to October 3rd, 13:16 in the year 2016:
root #date 100313162016Choosing a stage tarball
Multilib (32 and 64-bit)
Choosing a base tarball for the system can save a considerable amount of time later on in the installation process, specifically when it is time to choose a system profile. The selection of a stage tarball will directly impact future system configuration and can save a headache or two later on down the line. The multilib tarball uses 64-bit libraries when possible, and only falls back to the 32-bit versions when necessary for compatibility. This is an excellent option for the majority of installations because it provides a great amount of flexibility for customization in the future. Those who desire their systems to be capable of easily switching profiles should download the multilib tarball option for their respective processor architecture.
Most users should not use the 'advanced' tarballs options; they are for specific software or hardware configurations.
No-multilib (pure 64-bit)
Selecting a no-multilib tarball to be the base of the system provides a complete 64-bit operating system environment. This effectively renders the ability to switch to multilib profiles improbable, but possible. Those who are just starting out with Gentoo should not choose a no-multilib tarball unless it is absolutely necessary.
Be aware, migrating from a no-multilib to a multilib system requires an extremely well-working knowledge of Gentoo and the lower-level toolchain (it may even cause our Toolchain developers to shudder a little). It is not for the faint of heart and is beyond the scope of this guide.
Kurulum dosyasını indirmek
Go to the Gentoo mount point where the root file system is mounted (most likely /mnt/gentoo):
root #cd /mnt/gentooDepending on the installation medium, the only tool necessary to download a stage tarball is a web browser.
Graphical browsers
Those using environments with fully graphical web browsers will have no problem copying a stage file URL from the main website's download section. Simply select the appropriate tab, right click the link to the stage file, then Copy link address (Firefox) or Copy link location (Chromium) to copy the link to the clipboard, then paste the link to the wget utility on the command-line to download the stage tarball:
root #wget <PASTED_STAGE_URL>Command-line browsers
More traditional readers or 'old timer' Gentoo users, working exclusively from command-line may prefer using links, a non-graphical, menu-driven browser. To download a stage, surf to the Gentoo mirror list like so:
root #links https://www.gentoo.org/downloads/mirrors/To use an HTTP proxy with links, pass on the URL with the -http-proxy option:
root #links -http-proxy proxy.server.com:8080 https://www.gentoo.org/downloads/mirrors/Next to links there is also the lynx browser. Like links it is a non-graphical browser but it is not menu-driven.
root #lynx https://www.gentoo.org/downloads/mirrors/If a proxy needs to be defined, export the http_proxy and/or ftp_proxy variables:
root #export http_proxy="http://proxy.server.com:port"
root #export ftp_proxy="http://proxy.server.com:port"On the mirror list, select a mirror close by. Usually HTTP mirrors suffice, but other protocols are available as well. Move to the releases/x86/autobuilds/ directory. There all available stage files are displayed (they might be stored within subdirectories named after the individual sub-architectures). Select one and press d to download.
After the stage file download completes, it is possible to verify the integrity and validate the contents of the stage tarball. Those interested should proceed to the next section.
Those not interested in verifying and validating the stage file can close the command-line browser by pressing q and can move directly to the Unpacking the stage tarball section.
Verifying and validating
Some tarballs are being delivered via xz compression. When downloading a tarball ending in .tar.xz, be sure to adjust the tarball filename from .tar.bz2 in the following commands.
Like with the minimal installation CDs, additional downloads to verify and validate the stage file are available. Although these steps may be skipped, these files are provided for users who care about the legitimacy of the file(s) they just downloaded.
- A .CONTENTS file that contains a list of all files inside the stage tarball.
- A .DIGESTS file that contains checksums of the stage file in different algorithms.
- A .DIGESTS.asc file that, like the .DIGESTS file, contains checksums of the stage file in different algorithms, but is also cryptographically signed to ensure it is provided by the Gentoo project.
Use openssl and compare the output with the checksums provided by the .DIGESTS or .DIGESTS.asc files.
Örneğin SHA512 izini onaylamak için:
root #openssl dgst -r -sha512 stage3-x86-<release>.tar.bz2Another way is to use the sha512sum command:
root #sha512sum stage3-x86-<release>.tar.bz2Whirlpool kontrolü için:
root #openssl dgst -r -whirlpool stage3-x86-<release>.tar.bz2Komutların çıktılarını .DIGESTS(.asc) dosyaları ile kıyaslayabilirsiniz. Eğer değerler uyuşmuyorsa indirdiğiniz dosya hatalı olabilir.
Just like with the ISO file, it is also possible to verify the cryptographic signature of the .DIGESTS.asc file using gpg to make sure the checksums have not been tampered with:
root #gpg --verify stage3-x86-<release>.tar.bz2,.DIGESTS.ascKurulum dosyasını açmak
Now unpack the downloaded stage onto the system. We use tar to proceed:
root #tar xpvf stage3-*.tar.bz2 --xattrs-include='*.*' --numeric-ownerMake sure that the same options (xpf and --xattrs-include='*.*') are used. The x stands for extract, the p for preserve permissions and the f to denote that we want to extract a file (not standard input). --xattrs-include='*.*' is to include preservation of the the extended attributes in all namespaces stored in the archive. Finally, --numeric-owner is used to ensure that the user and group IDs of the files being extracted from the tarball will remain the same as Gentoo's release engineering team intended (even if adventurous users are not using official Gentoo installation media).
Now that the stage file is unpacked, proceed with Configuring the compile options.
Derleme seçeneklerini düzenleme
Giriş
To optimize Gentoo, it is possible to set a couple of variables which impacts the behavior of Portage, Gentoo's officially supported package manager. All those variables can be set as environment variables (using export) but that isn't permanent. To keep the settings, Portage reads in the /etc/portage/make.conf file, a configuration file for Portage.
Tüm geçerli değişkenler /mnt/gentoo/usr/share/portage/config/make.conf.example dosyasında var. Ancak başarılı bir kurulum için aşağıdakilerin ayarlanması yeterli.
Fire up an editor (in this guide we use nano) to alter the optimization variables we will discuss hereafter.
root #nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/portage/make.confmake.conf.example dosyasında da görülebileceği gibi dosyanın biçimlendirilme türü, yorum olan satıların "#" ile başlaması, diğer satırların da DEĞİŞKEN="içerik" şeklinde tanımlanması.
CFLAGS ve CXXFLAGS
The CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS variables define the optimization flags for GCC C and C++ compilers respectively. Although those are defined generally here, for maximum performance one would need to optimize these flags for each program separately. The reason for this is because every program is different. However, this is not manageable, hence the definition of these flags in the make.conf file.
make.conf dosyasında sistemin genelinde kullanılması faydalı olan seçenekler ayarlanmalıdır. Burada kararlı olduğundan emin olmadığınız, deneysel ayarlar uygularsanız faydadan çok zararını görürsünüz (çalışmayan veya hatalı çalışan uygulamalar).
We will not explain all possible optimization options. To understand them all, read the GNU Online Manual(s) or the gcc info page (info gcc - only works on a working Linux system). The make.conf.example file itself also contains lots of examples and information; don't forget to read it too.
İlk ayarlardan biri hedef mimariyi belirleyen -march= veya -mtune= bayrağı. Kullanılabilecek değişkenler make.conf.example dosyasında (yorumlu olarak) var. En sık kullanılan değer, derleyiciye mimariyi otomatik olarak seçmesini belirten native değişkeni.
Bir diğer değişken de gcc'nin optimizasyon seviyesini ayarlayan -O bayrağı (sıfır değil, büyük o harfi). Kullanılabilecek değişkenler s (boyut optimizasyonu), 0 (yani sıfır, optimizasyonsuz), 1, 2, hatta daha fazla optimizasyon için 3. Her seviye önceki seviyeye bazı eklemelerde bulunur. -O3 sistem genelinde kullanıldığında bazı hatalara sebep olmaktadır, bu sebeple önerilen değer -O2'dir.
Diğer bir popüler bayrak da -pipe. Bu bayrak derlemenin bazı aşamalarında geçiş için geçici dosyalar yerine pipe (geçiş özelliği) kullanılmasını sağlar. Oluşturulan kodda bir değişiklik olmamakta, ancak derlemenin daha fazla RAM kullanarak daha hızlı tamamlanmasını sağlamaktadır. Düşük RAM'e sahip sistemlerde önerilmez.
-fomit-frame-pointer gibi bazı değişkenler kullanılması uygulamalar hata ürettiğinde hataların ayıklanarak farkedilmesini zorlaştırıcı etkiler barındırmaktadır.
When the CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS variables are defined, combine the several optimization flags in one string. The default values contained in the stage3 archive that is unpacked should be good enough. The following one is just an example:
CFLAGS="-O2 -march=i686 -pipe" # Use the same settings for both variables CXXFLAGS="${CFLAGS}"
Although the GCC optimization article has more information on how the various compilation options can affect a system, the Safe CFLAGS article may be a more practical place for beginners to start optimizing their systems.
MAKEOPTS
The MAKEOPTS variable defines how many parallel compilations should occur when installing a package. A good choice is the number of CPUs (or CPU cores) in the system plus one, but this guideline isn't always perfect.
MAKEOPTS="-j2"
Ready, set, go!
Update the /mnt/gentoo/etc/portage/make.conf file to match personal preference and save (nano users would hit Ctrl+X).
Ardından temel sistem kurulumu bölümünden devam edebilirsiniz.