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Handbook:X86/Installation/Media/tr
Donanım gereksinimleri
Before we start, we first list what hardware requirements are needed to successfully install Gentoo on a x86 box.
| Minimal CD | LiveDVD | |
|---|---|---|
| CPU | i486 or later | i686 or later |
| Memory | 256 MB | 512 MB |
| Disk space | 2.5 GB (excluding swap space) | |
| Swap space | At least 256 MB | |
The X86 project is a good place to be for more information about Gentoo's x86 support.
Gentoo Linux installation media
Minimal kurulum CD'si
As of August 23, 2018 the official Minimal CDs are capable of booting in UEFI mode. Previous versions boot in BIOS (MBR) mode only. Readers looking to make their system UEFI bootable must download the latest ISO.
The Gentoo minimal installation CD is a bootable image which contains a self-sustained Gentoo environment. It allows the user to boot Linux from the CD or other installation media. During the boot process the hardware is detected and the appropriate drivers are loaded. The image is maintained by Gentoo developers and allows anyone to install Gentoo if an active Internet connection is available.
The Minimal Installation CD is called install-x86-minimal-<release>.iso.
Ara sıra çıkan Gentoo LiveDVD
Bazı dönemlerde, Gentoo onuncu yıl projesi tarafından hazırlanan özel DVD'ler yayınlanır. Aşağıdaki detaylar minimal CD'yi hedef almaktadır, bu sebeple bazı farklar bulunabilir. Ancak LiveDVD (veya bilgisayarınızı başlatabileceğiniz herhangi bir canlı Linux ortamı) üzerinde sudo su - veya sudo -i komutu ile root terminaline geçiş yapılabilir.
Peki bu stage'ler nedir?
A stage3 tarball is an archive containing a minimal Gentoo environment, suitable to continue the Gentoo installation using the instructions in this manual. Previously, the Gentoo Handbook described the installation using one of three stage tarballs. While Gentoo still offers stage1 and stage2 tarballs, the official installation method uses the stage3 tarball. If you are interested in performing a Gentoo installation using a stage1 or stage2 tarball, please read the Gentoo FAQ on How do I install Gentoo using a stage1 or stage2 tarball?
Stage3 tarballs can be downloaded from releases/x86/autobuilds/ on any of the official Gentoo mirrors. Stage files update frequently and are not included on the installation images.
Downloading
Obtain the media
The default installation media that Gentoo Linux uses are the minimal installation CDs, which host a bootable, very small Gentoo Linux environment. This environment contains all the right tools to install Gentoo. The CD images themselves can be downloaded from the downloads page (recommended) or by manually browsing to the ISO location on one of the many available mirrors.
Bu yansılarda, minimal kurulum CD'leri şu şekilde bulunabilir:
- Go to the releases/ directory.
- Select the directory for the relevant target architecture (such as x86/).
- Select the autobuilds/ directory.
- For amd64 and x86 architectures select either the current-install-amd64-minimal/ or current-install-x86-minimal/ directory (respectively). For all other architectures navigate to the current-iso/ directory.
arm, mips ve s390 gibi bazı mimarilerde minimal kurulum CD'si bulunmamakta. Henüz Gentoo Sürüm Geliştirme Projesi bu mimariler için .iso oluşturmayı desteklemiyor.
Inside this location, the installation media file is the file with the .iso suffix. For instance, take a look at the following listing:
[DIR] hardened/ 05-Dec-2014 01:42 - [ ] install-x86-minimal-20141204.iso 04-Dec-2014 21:04 208M [ ] install-x86-minimal-20141204.iso.CONTENTS 04-Dec-2014 21:04 3.0K [ ] install-x86-minimal-20141204.iso.DIGESTS 04-Dec-2014 21:04 740 [TXT] install-x86-minimal-20141204.iso.DIGESTS.asc 05-Dec-2014 01:42 1.6K [ ] stage3-x86-20141204.tar.bz2 04-Dec-2014 21:04 198M [ ] stage3-x86-20141204.tar.bz2.CONTENTS 04-Dec-2014 21:04 4.6M [ ] stage3-x86-20141204.tar.bz2.DIGESTS 04-Dec-2014 21:04 720 [TXT] stage3-x86-20141204.tar.bz2.DIGESTS.asc 05-Dec-2014 01:42 1.5K
In the above example, the install-x86-minimal-20141204.iso file is the minimal installation CD itself. But as can be seen, other related files exist as well:
- A .CONTENTS file which is a text file listing all files available on the installation media. This file can be useful to verify if particular firmware or drivers are available on the installation media before downloading it.
- A .DIGESTS file which contains the hash of the ISO file itself, in various hashing formats/algorithms. This file can be used to verify if the downloaded ISO file is corrupt or not.
- A .DIGESTS.asc file which not only contains the hash of the ISO file (like the .DIGESTS file), but also a cryptographic signature of that file. This can be used to both verify if the downloaded ISO file is corrupt or not, as well as verify that the download is indeed provided by the Gentoo Release Engineering team and has not been tampered with.
Şimdilik diğer dosyaları es geçelim (onlara ilerleyen adımlarda döneceğiz). .iso dosyasını ve ISO'nun kontrolünü de istiyorsanız .DIGESTS.asc dosyasını da indirin. Bu dosya .CONTENTS dosyasını da içerdiği ve .DIGESTS dosyasının imzalanmış sürümü olduğu için, tek başına yeterli olacaktır.
İndirilen dosyaların bütünlük kontrolü
Bu adım seçime bağlıdır ve Gentoo Linux kurulumu için bir zorunluluk değildir. Ancak kurulumun sağlıklı tamamlanması ve doğru kaynaktan geldiğine emin olunması için tavsiye edilmektedir.
.DIGESTS ve .DIGESTS.asc dosyaları doğru araçlar ile kullanılırsa bütünlük kontrolü yapmak için yeterlidir. Kontrol genelde iki adımda yapılır:
- Öncelikle kriptografik imza kullanılarak dosyanın Gentoo geliştirici ekibinden geldiğine emin olunur.
- Eğer kriptografik imza doğruysa, parmak izi (checksum) kullanılarak dosyanın sağlam indirildiği doğrulanır.
Microsoft Windows üzerinde doğrulama
Var olan bir Microsoft Windows üzerinde checksum ve kriptografik imzaları kullanabilecek doğru araçları bulmanız pek olası değildir.
Öncelikle kriptografik imza doğrulaması için GPG4Win türünde bir araç kullanılabilir. Kurulduktan sonra Gentoo geliştirici ekibinin imzası içe aktarılmalıdır. Anahtarlar ilgili sayfada bulunabilir.İçe aktarmanın ardından .DIGESTS.asc dosyasının imzası doğrulanabilir.
Bu işlem .DIGESTS dosyasını değil, .DIGESTS.asc dosyasını doğrulayabilir. Bu da aynı zamanda .DIGESTS.asc dosyasının da checksum ile kontrol edilmesi gerektiği anlamına gelir.
Checksum (parmak izi) de Hashcalc uygulaması kullanılarak doğrulanabilir. Çoğunlukla bu tür araçlar hesapladıkları checksum'u iletip, kullanıcının .DIGESTS.asc dosyasındaki değerle karşılaştırmasını ister.
Linux üzerinde doğrulama
Bir Linux sistem üzerinde kriptografik imzayı onaylamak için gerekli dosyalar için app-crypt/gnupg yazılımı gerekmektedir. Bu pakette bulunan araçlar ile aşağıdaki komutları kullanarak .DIGESTS.asc dosyasının doğrulamasını yapabilirsiniz.
Öncelikle, imzalar sayfasından doğru imzaları indirin:
user $gpg --keyserver hkp://keys.gnupg.net --recv-keys 0xBB572E0E2D182910gpg: requesting key 0xBB572E0E2D182910 from hkp server pool.sks-keyservers.net gpg: key 0xBB572E0E2D182910: "Gentoo Linux Release Engineering (Automated Weekly Release Key) <releng@gentoo.org>" 1 new signature gpg: 3 marginal(s) needed, 1 complete(s) needed, classic trust model gpg: depth: 0 valid: 3 signed: 20 trust: 0-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 3u gpg: depth: 1 valid: 20 signed: 12 trust: 9-, 0q, 0n, 9m, 2f, 0u gpg: next trustdb check due at 2018-09-15 gpg: Total number processed: 1 gpg: new signatures: 1
Ardından .DIGESTS.asc dosyasının kriptografik imzasını doğrulayın:
user $gpg --verify install-x86-minimal-20141204.iso.DIGESTS.ascgpg: Signature made Fri 05 Dec 2014 02:42:44 AM CET gpg: using RSA key 0xBB572E0E2D182910 gpg: Good signature from "Gentoo Linux Release Engineering (Automated Weekly Release Key) <releng@gentoo.org>" [unknown] gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature! gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner. Primary key fingerprint: 13EB BDBE DE7A 1277 5DFD B1BA BB57 2E0E 2D18 2910
Her şeyin düzgün olduğundan emin olmak için, Gentoo imza sayfasındaki parmak izini (fingerprint) deoğrulayın.
Kriptografik imzayı onayladıktan sonra, ISO dosyasının bozulmadan indiğini de kontrol edin. Bunun için içerisinde birçok algoritma ile üretilmiş hash'ler bulunan .DIGESTS.asc dosyasını kullanabilirsiniz. Örneğin SHA512 kontrolü yapmak için:
user $grep -A 1 -i sha512 install-x86-minimal-20141204.iso.DIGESTS.asc# SHA512 HASH 364d32c4f8420605f8a9fa3a0fc55864d5b0d1af11aa62b7a4d4699a427e5144b2d918225dfb7c5dec8d3f0fe2cddb7cc306da6f0cef4f01abec33eec74f3024 install-x86-minimal-20141204.iso -- # SHA512 HASH 0719a8954dc7432750de2e3076c8b843a2c79f5e60defe43fcca8c32ab26681dfb9898b102e211174a895ff4c8c41ddd9e9a00ad6434d36c68d74bd02f19b57f install-x86-minimal-20141204.iso.CONTENTS
In the above output, two SHA512 checksums are shown - one for the install-x86-minimal-20141204.iso file and one for its accompanying .CONTENTS file. Only the first checksum is of interest, as it needs to be compared with the calculated SHA512 checksum which can be generated as follows:
user $sha512sum install-x86-minimal-20141204.iso364d32c4f8420605f8a9fa3a0fc55864d5b0d1af11aa62b7a4d4699a427e5144b2d918225dfb7c5dec8d3f0fe2cddb7cc306da6f0cef4f01abec33eec74f3024 install-x86-minimal-20141204.iso
Birbiriyle eşleştiğine göre, kurulum ortamımız zarar görmemiş diyebilir ve kuruluma devam edebiliriz.
Burning a disk
Tabi ki sadece ISO dosyası ile kurulum yapamayız. Öncelikle ISO dosyamızın içeriğini bir CD'ye yazmamız gerekmekte. Bu işlemi nasıl yapabileceğinizi hızlıca anlatalım. Detaylı açıklamalar için iso dosyası nasıl yazdırılır belgemize bakabilirsiniz.
Microsoft Windows Kullanarak
Microsoft Windows altında ISO'ları CD'ye yazmak için kullanılabilecek birkaç araç bulunmakta (güncel sürümlerinde ISO dosyasına sağ tıklayarak CD'ye yazdırma seçeneğini de bulabilirsiniz).
- EasyCD Creator kullanıyorsanız, Dosya menüsünden, CD imajından CD oluştur seçeneğini kullanın. Ardından Dosya türü bölümünde ISO imaj dosyasını seçin. ISO dosyasını seçip Aç'a tıklayın. Başlat'a tıkladığınızda ISO yazdırma işlemi başlayacaktır.
- Nero Burning ROM kullanıyorsanız, açılan sihirbaz penceresini kapatıp Dosya menüsünden İmaj yazdır seçeneğini kullanın.
Linux Kullanarak
Linux'da ISO yazdırma işlemi, app-cdr/cdrtools paketindeki cdrecord komutu ile yapılabilir.
Örneğin ISO dosyasını /dev/sr0 aygıtındaki CD'ye yazıdrmak için (bu isim sistemdeki ilk CD aygıtını işaret eder, gerek görürseniz değiştirin):
user $cdrecord dev=/dev/sr0 install-x86-minimal-20141204.isoUsers that prefer a graphical user interface can use K3B, part of the kde-apps/k3b package. In K3B, go to Tools and use Burn CD Image. Then follow the instructions provided by K3B.
Booting
Booting the installation media
Once the installation media is ready, it is time to boot it. Insert the media in the system, reboot, and enter the motherboard's firmware user interface. This is usually performed by pressing a keyboard key such as DEL, F1, F10, or ESC during the Power-On Self-test (POST) process. The 'trigger' key varies depending on the system and motherboard. If it is not obvious use an internet search engine and do some research using the motherboard's model name as the search keyword. Results should be easy to determine. Once inside the motherboard's firmware menu, change the boot order so that the external bootable media (CD/DVD disks or USB drives) are tried before the internal disk devices. Without this change, the system will most likely reboot to the internal disk device, ignoring the external boot media.
When installing Gentoo with the purpose of using the UEFI interface instead of BIOS, it is recommended to boot with UEFI immediately. If not, then it might be necessary to create a bootable UEFI USB stick (or other medium) once before finalizing the Gentoo Linux installation.
If not yet done, ensure that the installation media is inserted or plugged into the system, and reboot. A boot prompt should be shown. At this screen, Enter will begin the boot process with the default boot options. To boot the installation media with custom boot options, specify a kernel followed by boot options and then hit Enter.
At the boot prompt, users get the option of displaying the available kernels (F1) and boot options (F2). If no choice is made within 15 seconds (either displaying information or using a kernel) then the installation media will fall back to booting from disk. This allows installations to reboot and try out their installed environment without the need to remove the CD from the tray (something well appreciated for remote installations).
Specifying a kernel was mentioned. On the Minimal installation media, only two predefined kernel boot options are provided. The default option is called gentoo. The other being the -nofb variant; this disables kernel framebuffer support.
The next section displays a short overview of the available kernels and their descriptions:
Kernel choices
- gentoo
- Default kernel with support for K8 CPUs (including NUMA support) and EM64T CPUs.
- gentoo-nofb
- Same as gentoo but without framebuffer support.
- memtest86
- Test the local RAM for errors.
Alongside the kernel, boot options help in tuning the boot process further.
Hardware options
- acpi=on
- This loads support for ACPI and also causes the acpid daemon to be started by the CD on boot. This is only needed if the system requires ACPI to function properly. This is not required for Hyperthreading support.
- acpi=off
- Completely disables ACPI. This is useful on some older systems and is also a requirement for using APM. This will disable any Hyperthreading support of your processor.
- console=X
- This sets up serial console access for the CD. The first option is the device, usually ttyS0 on x86, followed by any connection options, which are comma separated. The default options are 9600,8,n,1.
- dmraid=X
- This allows for passing options to the device-mapper RAID subsystem. Options should be encapsulated in quotes.
- doapm
- This loads APM driver support. This also requires that
acpi=off. - dopcmcia
- This loads support for PCMCIA and Cardbus hardware and also causes the pcmcia cardmgr to be started by the CD on boot. This is only required when booting from PCMCIA/Cardbus devices.
- doscsi
- This loads support for most SCSI controllers. This is also a requirement for booting most USB devices, as they use the SCSI subsystem of the kernel.
- sda=stroke
- This allows the user to partition the whole hard disk even when the BIOS is unable to handle large disks. This option is only used on machines with an older BIOS. Replace sda with the device that requires this option.
- ide=nodma
- This forces the disabling of DMA in the kernel and is required by some IDE chipsets and also by some CDROM drives. If the system is having trouble reading from the IDE CDROM, try this option. This also disables the default hdparm settings from being executed.
- noapic
- This disables the Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller that is present on newer motherboards. It has been known to cause some problems on older hardware.
- nodetect
- This disables all of the autodetection done by the CD, including device autodetection and DHCP probing. This is useful for doing debugging of a failing CD or driver.
- nodhcp
- This disables DHCP probing on detected network cards. This is useful on networks with only static addresses.
- nodmraid
- Disables support for device-mapper RAID, such as that used for on-board IDE/SATA RAID controllers.
- nofirewire
- This disables the loading of Firewire modules. This should only be necessary if your Firewire hardware is causing a problem with booting the CD.
- nogpm
- This disables gpm console mouse support.
- nohotplug
- This disables the loading of the hotplug and coldplug init scripts at boot. This is useful for doing debugging of a failing CD or driver.
- nokeymap
- This disables the keymap selection used to select non-US keyboard layouts.
- nolapic
- This disables the local APIC on Uniprocessor kernels.
- nosata
- This disables the loading of Serial ATA modules. This is used if the system is having problems with the SATA subsystem.
- nosmp
- This disables SMP, or Symmetric Multiprocessing, on SMP-enabled kernels. This is useful for debugging SMP-related issues with certain drivers and motherboards.
- nosound
- This disables sound support and volume setting. This is useful for systems where sound support causes problems.
- nousb
- This disables the autoloading of USB modules. This is useful for debugging USB issues.
- slowusb
- This adds some extra pauses into the boot process for slow USB CDROMs, like in the IBM BladeCenter.
Logical volume/device management
- dolvm
- This enables support for Linux's Logical Volume Management.
Other options
- debug
- Enables debugging code. This might get messy, as it displays a lot of data to the screen.
- docache
- This caches the entire runtime portion of the CD into RAM, which allows the user to umount /mnt/cdrom and mount another CDROM. This option requires that there is at least twice as much available RAM as the size of the CD.
- doload=X
- This causes the initial ramdisk to load any module listed, as well as dependencies. Replace X with the module name. Multiple modules can be specified by a comma-separated list.
- dosshd
- Starts sshd on boot, which is useful for unattended installs.
- passwd=foo
- Sets whatever follows the equals as the root password, which is required for dosshd since the root password is by default scrambled.
- noload=X
- This causes the initial ramdisk to skip the loading of a specific module that may be causing a problem. Syntax matches that of doload.
- nonfs
- Disables the starting of portmap/nfsmount on boot.
- nox
- This causes an X-enabled LiveCD to not automatically start X, but rather, to drop to the command line instead.
- scandelay
- This causes the CD to pause for 10 seconds during certain portions the boot process to allow for devices that are slow to initialize to be ready for use.
- scandelay=X
- This allows the user to specify a given delay, in seconds, to be added to certain portions of the boot process to allow for devices that are slow to initialize to be ready for use. Replace X with the number of seconds to pause.
The bootable media will check for
no* options before do* options, so that options can be overridden in the exact order specified.Now boot the media, select a kernel (if the default gentoo kernel does not suffice) and boot options. As an example, we boot the gentoo kernel, with dopcmcia as a kernel parameter:
boot:gentoo dopcmciaNext the user will be greeted with a boot screen and progress bar. If the installation is done on a system with a non-US keyboard, make sure to immediately press Alt+F1 to switch to verbose mode and follow the prompt. If no selection is made in 10 seconds the default (US keyboard) will be accepted and the boot process will continue. Once the boot process completes, the user is automatically logged in to the "Live" Gentoo Linux environment as the root user, the super user. A root prompt is displayed on the current console, and one can switch to other consoles by pressing Alt+F2, Alt+F3 and Alt+F4. Get back to the one started on by pressing Alt+F1.
Extra hardware configuration
When the Installation medium boots, it tries to detect all the hardware devices and loads the appropriate kernel modules to support the hardware. In the vast majority of cases, it does a very good job. However, in some cases it may not auto-load the kernel modules needed by the system. If the PCI auto-detection missed some of the system's hardware, the appropriate kernel modules have to be loaded manually.
In the next example the 8139too module (which supports certain kinds of network interfaces) is loaded:
root #modprobe 8139tooOptional: User accounts
If other people need access to the installation environment, or there is need to run commands as a non-root user on the installation medium (such as to chat using irssi without root privileges for security reasons), then an additional user account needs to be created and the root password set to a strong password.
To change the root password, use the passwd utility:
root #passwdNew password: (Enter the new password) Re-enter password: (Re-enter the password)
To create a user account, first enter their credentials, followed by the account's password. The useradd and passwd commands are used for these tasks.
In the next example, a user called john is created:
root #useradd -m -G users john
root #passwd johnNew password: (Enter john's password) Re-enter password: (Re-enter john's password)
To switch from the (current) root user to the newly created user account, use the su command:
root #su - johnOptional: Viewing documentation while installing
TTYs
To view the Gentoo handbook during the installation, first create a user account as described above. Then press Alt+F2 to go to a new terminal.
During the installation, the links command can be used to browse the Gentoo handbook - of course only from the moment that the Internet connection is working.
user $links https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Handbook:X86To go back to the original terminal, press Alt+F1.
GNU Screen
The GNU Screen utility is installed by default on official Gentoo installation media. It may be more efficient for the seasoned Linux enthusiast to use screen to view installation instructions via split panes rather than the multiple TTY method mentioned above.
Seçime bağlı: SSH servisinin başlatılması
To allow other users to access the system during the installation (perhaps to support during an installation, or even do it remotely), a user account needs to be created (as was documented earlier on) and the SSH daemon needs to be started.
To fire up the SSH daemon on an OpenRC init, execute the following command:
root #rc-service sshd startIf users log on to the system, they will see a message that the host key for this system needs to be confirmed (through what is called a fingerprint). This behavior is typical and can be expected for initial connections to an SSH server. However, later when the system is set up and someone logs on to the newly created system, the SSH client will warn that the host key has been changed. This is because the user now logs on to - for SSH - a different server (namely the freshly installed Gentoo system rather than the live environment that the installation is currently using). Follow the instructions given on the screen then to replace the host key on the client system.
To be able to use sshd, the network needs to function properly. Continue with the chapter on Configuring the network.