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Gentoolkit
Not to be confused with Genkernel.
Gentoolkit est une suite d'outils destinée à faciliter l'administration d'un système Gentoo. Ce document couvre les bases de quelques uns des outils présents dans cette boîte à outils.
Introduction
Qu’est-ce que le Gentoolkit ?
Gentoo est une distribution unique en son genre qui présente des complexités qui n'existent tout simplement pas dans d'autres distributions. Au fur et à mesure que les développeurs et contributeurs de Gentoo découvraient ces complexités, ils écrivirent des outils pour aider les utilisateurs et les administrateurs à les surmonter. Beaucoup de ces outils ont été apportés au projet Gentoo et sont inclus dans le paquet app-portage/gentoolkit.
À ce jour, il existe deux versions de gentoolkit : app-portage/gentoolkit et app-portage/gentoolkit-dev. Alors que la première contient des scripts d'administration, la seconde contient des scripts destinés à faciliter le développement sur Gentoo. Si vous êtes développeur, vous pouvez avoir vos scripts inclus dans app-portage/gentoolkit-dev en prenant contact avec le mainteneur de gentoolkit. Ce document ne traite que de app-portage/gentoolkit.
Gentoolkit contient tout un ensemble d'outils utiles pour vous aider à gérer vos paquets et garder la trace de ce qui se passe sur votre système. La plupart des utilisateurs — en particuliers ceux qui mettent souvent leur système à jour — tireront un bénéfice à avoir gentoolkit installé.
Installation
Emerge
As with most other Gentoo packages, installation is as simple as an emerge:
root #emerge --ask app-portage/gentoolkitBeaucoup des outils du gentoolkit fournissent des informations importantes sur votre système ou requièrent des privilèges de super-utilisateur. Pour cette raison, certains des programmes ne peuvent être exécutés (ou fonctionner correctement) que s'ils sont lancés par un utilisateur disposant des privilèges du super-utilisateur.
Trouver de la documentation
Toute la documentation dont un outil dispose (autre que les pages de manuel) se trouve dans /usr/share/doc/gentoolkit-[version]/[nom_de_l_outil]/.
euse
euse is a tool to see, set and unset USE flags at various places. For more information on USE flags, please refer to the USE Flags. See euse -h for complete help and all options.
Consulter, activer et désactiver des options de la variable USE
The euse -a command reads the current active USE flags and displays them.
There are 5 "columns" that euse now uses to show whether a flag is set/unset and where all the flag has been set. The columns are as follows -- +/-, set in the Environment, set in make.Conf, set in make.Defaults, and set in make.Globals. The output looks like [+ECDG].
root #euse -aX [+ CD ] aalib [+ ] acpi [+ C ] alsa [+ C ] apache2 [+ C ] apm [+ D ] avi [+ D ] berkdb [+ D ] bitmap-fonts [+ D ] bonobo [+ ] cdr [+ C ] crypt [+ CD ] cscope [+ C ] cups [+ CD ] curl [+ ] emboss [+ D ] encode [+ D ] esd [+ ] fam [+ ] fbcon [+ C ] firefox [+ C ] font-server [+ D ] foomaticdb [+ D ] fortran [+ D ] gd [+ C ] gdbm [+ D ] gif [+ CD ] gimpprint [+ C ] gnome [+ CD ] gphoto2 [+ ] gpm [+ CD ] gstreamer [+ C ] gtk [+ D ] gtkhtml [+ C ] guile [+ ] imagemagick [+ ] imlib [+ CD ] innodb [+ ] ipv6 [+ D ] javascript [+ C ] jpeg [+ CD ] kde [+ D ] ldap [+ ] libg++ [+ CD ] libwww [+ CD ] mad [+ CD ] mbox [+ C ] md5sum [+ C ] mikmod [+ CD ] mmx [+ C ] motif [+ CD ] mp3 [+ ] mpeg [+ CD ] mpeg4 [+ C ] mysql [+ C ] ncurses [+ CD ] nls [+ D ] nvidia [+ C ] odbc [+ ] offensive [+ ] ogg [+ CD ] opengl [+ CD ] oss [+ D ] pam [+ CD ] pdflib [+ CD ] perl [+ CD ] png [+ CD ] python [+ CD ] qt [+ D ] quicktime [+ CD ] readline [+ CD ] ruby [+ ] sdl [+ CD ] slang [+ D ] spell [+ CD ] sse [+ C ] ssl [+ CD ] svga [+ CD ] tcltk [+ C ] tcpd [+ D ] tiff [+ C ] truetype [+ CD ] usb [+ C ] vanilla [+ C ] x86 [+ C ] xml [+ ] xosd [+ C ] xv [+ CD ] xvid [+ C ] zlib [+ CD ]
Similarly the euse -a -g command is used to view active global USE flags. The euse -a -l command does the same for active local USE flags. -g and -l are sub-options to euse and need an option before them (like -a) to function correctly.
root #euse -a -lbitmap-fonts [+ D ] font-server [+ D ] fortran [+ D ] gimpprint [+ C ] md5sum [+ C ] mpeg4 [+ C ] nvidia [+ C ] offensive [+ ] truetype [+ CD ]
euse is able to set or unset USE flags. The commands used for this are euse -E flagname (enable a flag) and euse -D flagname (disable a flag).
Do not use the euse -E or euse -D commands by themselves (without a flag). It will set/unset ALL USE flags in /etc/portage/make.conf. Although a backup is kept at /etc/portage/make.conf.euse_backup, please be careful while using euse -E or euse -D!
Activer une option de la variable USE :
root #euse -E 3dfx/etc/portage/make.conf was modified, a backup copy has been placed at /etc/portage/make.conf.euse_backup
Le fichier /etc/portage/make.conf ressemble à ceci après exécution de la commande :
make.confAprès activation de l'option 3dfx de la variable USEUSE="alsa acpi apache2 -arts cups cdr crypt cscope -doc fbcon \ firefox gd gif gimpprint gnome gpm gstreamer gtkhtml imlib \ innodb -java javascript jpeg libg++ libwww mad mbox md5sum \ mikmod mmx motif mpeg mpeg4 mysql ncurses nvidia \ ogg odbc offensive opengl pam pdflib perl png python \ quicktime readline sdl spell sse ssl svga tcltk tiff truetype usb \ vanilla X xosd xv xvid x86 zlib 3dfx"
Désactiver une option de la variable USE :
root #euse -D 3dfx/etc/portage/make.conf was modified, a backup copy has been placed at /etc/portage/make.conf.euse_backup
De nouveau, le fichier /etc/portage/make.conf après la commande :
make.confAprès désactivation de l'option 3dfx de la variable USEUSE="alsa acpi apache2 -arts cups cdr crypt cscope -doc fbcon \ firefox gd gif gimpprint gnome gpm gstreamer gtkhtml imlib \ innodb -java javascript jpeg libg++ libwww mad mbox md5sum \ mikmod mmx motif mpeg mpeg4 mysql ncurses nvidia \ ogg odbc offensive opengl pam pdflib perl png python \ quicktime readline sdl spell sse ssl svga tcltk tiff truetype usb \ vanilla X xosd xv xvid x86 zlib -3dfx"
euse does not physically remove the flag from /etc/portage/make.conf. It adds a
- (minus) before the flag to unset it. A manual clean up of the /etc/portage/make.conf might be needed to avoid unwanted variables. Otherwise use the -P (purge) option to remove the flag. euse -P 3dfx for example would remove the 3dfx flag.Autres outils
revdep-rebuild
This tool is Gentoo's Reverse Dependency rebuilder. It will scan the installed ebuilds to find packages that have become broken as a result of an upgrade of a package they depend on. It can emerge those packages for users automatically but it can also happen that a given package does not work with the currently installed dependencies, in which case you should upgrade the broken package to a more recent version. revdep-rebuild will pass flags to emerge which lets you use the --pretend flag to see what is going to be emerged again before going any further.
root #revdep-rebuild -p* Configuring search environment for revdep-rebuild * Checking reverse dependencies * Packages containing binaries and libraries broken by a package update * will be emerged. * Collecting system binaries and libraries * Generated new 1_files.rr * Collecting complete LD_LIBRARY_PATH * Generated new 2_ldpath.rr * Checking dynamic linking consistency [ 48% ] * broken /usr/lib/gstreamer-0.10/libgsttaglib.la (requires /usr/lib/libtag.la) [ 64% ] * broken /usr/lib/libgdkglext-x11-1.0.la (requires /usr/lib/libGLU.la) [ 67% ] * broken /usr/lib/libgtkglext-x11-1.0.la (requires /usr/lib/libGLU.la) [ 85% ] * broken /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gtk-2.0/gtk/gdkgl/_gdkgl.la (requires /usr/lib/libGLU.la) * broken /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtkgl/_gtkgl.la (requires /usr/lib/libGLU.la) [ 97% ] * broken /usr/qt/3/lib/libqt-mt.la (requires -lpng) [ 100% ] * Generated new 3_broken.rr * Assigning files to packages * /usr/lib/gstreamer-0.10/libgsttaglib.la -> media-plugins/gst-plugins-taglib * /usr/lib/libgdkglext-x11-1.0.la -> x11-libs/gtkglext * /usr/lib/libgtkglext-x11-1.0.la -> x11-libs/gtkglext * /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gtk-2.0/gtk/gdkgl/_gdkgl.la -> dev-python/pygtkglext * /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtkgl/_gtkgl.la -> dev-python/pygtkglext * /usr/qt/3/lib/libqt-mt.la -> x11-libs/qt * Generated new 4_raw.rr and 4_owners.rr * Cleaning list of packages to rebuild * Generated new 4_pkgs.rr * Assigning packages to ebuilds * Generated new 4_ebuilds.rr * Evaluating package order * Generated new 5_order.rr * All prepared. Starting rebuild emerge --oneshot --pretend dev-python/pygtkglext:0 media-plugins/gst-plugins-taglib:0.10 x11-libs/gtkglext:0 x11-libs/qt:3 These are the packages that would be merged, in order: Calculating dependencies... done! [ebuild R ] media-plugins/gst-plugins-taglib-0.10.17 [ebuild R ] x11-libs/gtkglext-1.2.0 [ebuild R ] x11-libs/qt-3.3.8b-r2 [ebuild R ] dev-python/pygtkglext-1.1.0 * Now you can remove -p (or --pretend) from arguments and re-run revdep-rebuild.
To rebuild some packages run revdep-rebuild without the -p flag and the listed packages will be emerged again.
glsa-check
glsa-check is mainly a test tool that keeps track of the various GLSA's (Gentoo Linux Security Advisory) and will eventually be integrated into emerge and equery.
eread
eread is a simple utility to display elog files produced by Portage since version 2.1. The saving of elog files can be enabled by setting a couple of variables in /etc/portage/make.conf:
make.confActiver elogPORTAGE_ELOG_CLASSES="log" PORTAGE_ELOG_SYSTEM="save"
ce n'est qu'un exemple. Pour savoir comment fonctionne le système elog de Portage, veuillez vous référer à la page appropriée de Portage Handbook.
Once elog has been set up to satisfaction, run eread to view the log files.
user $ereadThis is a list of portage log items. Choose a number to view that file or type q to quit. 1- app-portage:gentoolkit-0.2.4_pre2:20070320-000256.log 2- app-portage:gentoolkit-0.2.4_pre2:20070320-000258.log 3- app-portage:gentoolkit-0.2.4_pre2:20070320-000319.log 4- app-portage:gentoolkit-0.2.3:20070320-000408.log Choice?
Select a number and the file will be displayed using the paging program specified in the PAGER environment variable. If PAGER is not set, it will use less. The PAGER environmental variable can be set using eselect (module pager).
Après avoir vu le fichier, on vous demandera si vous voulez le supprimer.
eclean
eclean is a tool to remove old source files and old binary packages from the system.
When building and installing packages, the source files are downloaded and preserved in DISTDIR, usually /usr/portage/distfiles. This can accumulate several gigabytes of material over time if it is not cleaned periodically. Users should run eclean-dist to clean source files from DISTDIR.
It is possible to create archives of installed packages by using quickpkg or FEATURES="buildpkg". These archived packages are kept in PKGDIR, usually /usr/portage/packages. When they are no longer needed, or if they are too old, eclean-pkg can be ran to remove them from PKGDIR. It is a good way to ensure that any binary packages on the system are only the latest versions.
For more information on eclean and tips on maintaining a cruft-free system, please read man eclean or check the eclean article.
Voir aussi
This page is based on a document formerly found on our main website gentoo.org.
The following people contributed to the original document: Matt Butcher, John P. Davis, Erwin, Shyam Mani, Xavier Neys, Karl Trygve, José Luis Rivero, Joshua Saddler, Douglas Anderson
They are listed here because wiki history does not allow for any external attribution. If you edit the wiki article, please do not add yourself here; your contributions are recorded on each article's associated history page.