Simple sandbox

When running programs that risk being hijacked with code execution vulnerabilities, it is highly advised to sandbox/jail them. Sandboxes are virtual containers for computer programs to run in. Sandboxes make programs run more securely by giving them a "playspace" to run in, preventing them from affecting the broader system while still not greatly limiting their utility to the users. There are many sandboxing methods, from creating entire virtual machines to surround dangerous applications, to simple rules preventing a browser from modifying /etc/passwd. This article describes the oldest, simplest, and very widely used sandboxing method, namely running a program under a special sandbox user.

The above method is often setup by default on linux programs. For example, when installed, the Apache web server creates a new user called "Apache" that it runs under. That way, if compromised, an attacker would not gain root permissions on the device; only the same privileges that the "Apache" user was granted.

This sandboxing method relies solely on the Unix user and group permissions. It requires no kernel tweaking and little extra software (app-admin/sudo and x11-apps/xhost). It is also possible to avoid sudo and use su, but then a password is required each time a sandboxed program is executed.

At a minimum, this or another form of sandboxing should be used for software which:

• Has a known security/privacy issue.
• Has a history of security/privacy issues.
• Is distributed in binary form (e.g. many games).
• Has large codebase and thus attack surface (e.g. Libreoffice).
• Is no longer maintained.
• Is very young (brand new project).
• Is unstable.
• Accesses the network (email, web, torrent, etc.).

We assume (without loss of generality):

• www-client/firefox is the package we want to sandbox.
• 'larry' is our own everyday user.
• 'Mallet' is an attacker.
• 'ff' is the sandbox user used only to run Firefox.

Sandboxing Firefox is mandatory, as it matches multiple patterns on our list. Like all big graphical browsers, it has a history of vulnerabilities. In recent releases, it is distributed partially in binary form (includes binary Adobe DRM and installs binary Cisco codecs). It also has a 'huge' codebase and accesses the network regularly.

Let's imagine Mallet can exploit a vulnerability in Firefox to access larry's files (emails, SSH keys, Bitcoin wallet, etc.). If larry runs Firefox under the ff user, then Mallet has only access to the resources available to ff, and would need a further exploit of privilege escalation to access larry's data. This obviously assumes tight permissions set on larry's files. This sandboxing method is not the most restrictive; Mallet could still learn a lot about our system, start new processes as ff, use the network, and do anything a low-level user can. But it is also possible to configure the permissions on our system so that Mallet can do very little as ff (such configuration is not explained here).

Create sandbox user

First, create the 'ff' sandbox user:

root #useradd --home=/home/ff --create-home --shell /bin/false --user-group ff

If su to sudo is preferred, use /bin/bash instead of /bin/false.

Install and configure sudo

root #emerge --ask app-admin/sudo

Allow larry to run Firefox as user ff, without need for password:

root #echo 'larry ALL=(ff) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/firefox' > /etc/sudoers.d/ff

Since we regard ff as a kind of sub-user of larry, it is convenient to allow larry to run any command as ff. This is not necessary for Firefox, and does not follow the least-privilege rule, but could be useful for packages with many executables:

root #echo 'larry ALL=(ff) NOPASSWD: ALL' > /etc/sudoers.d/ff

If you prefer su to sudo, then instead set a password for ff:

root #passwd ff

Configure X server access control (optional)

This step is only needed if the package is graphical and your X's access control is enabled.

In order to run Firefox as ff, we could of course start a new desktop session as user ff (login using our display manager), but that would be inconvenient. Instead, we would like to work as larry, but open a Firefox window as ff. For that, root installs xhost:

root #emerge --ask --verbose x11-apps/xhost

And larry allows ff to connect to larry's X server (to create windows):

user $xhost si:localuser:ff

larry runs firefox as sandbox user ff

Finally, to run firefox under the ff user, larry enters the command:

larry@gentoo $sudo -u ff firefox

If you prefer su:

larry@gentoo $su -c firefox ff -

If all went well, Firefox is now running in a window on larry's desktop. The window title says 'Mozilla Firefox (as ff)', to indicate that this window is run by ff.

Migrate config files (optional)

ff will have his own home directory for storing the Firefox profile, i.e. all browsing settings. All of the files firefox needs access to and is used save addons, cookies, history, etc., will be stored stored in a folder in ff's home directory. The precise configuration migration manual is very package-dependent and is beyond the scope of this article. However, assuming Firefox is the only Mozilla software larry has used, root can migrate larry's settings:

root #mv ~larry/.mozilla ~ff/

root #chown -R ff:ff ~ff/.mozilla

Adding shortcut icons.

Now larry can create icons or add Firefox to startup applications in his desktop environment. However, sometimes such graphical tools only allow to enter one command to be executed. We can conjoin xhost and sudo into one command by using sh:

user $sh -c 'xhost si:localuser:ff && sudo -u ff firefox'

Alternatively, john could invoke xhost already when X session starts.

Here's a sample .desktop file, that could be placed at e.g. ~larry/.local/share/applications/firefox.desktop, to add it to your desktop environment's Applications menu (the changes should be applied as soon as you create the file):

FILE ~larry/.local/share/applications/firefox.desktop

[Desktop Entry]
Name=Mozilla Firefox (Sandboxed)
Comment=Web Browser
Exec=sh -c 'xhost si:localuser:ff && sudo -u ff firefox %u'
Icon=firefox
Terminal=false
Type=Application
MimeType=text/html;text/xml;application/xhtml+xml;application/vnd.mozilla.xul+xml;text/mml;x-scheme-handler/http;x-scheme-handler/https;
Categories=Network;WebBrowser;

Allow larry to access ff's home

We don't want ff to access larry's files, but it is useful for larry to access ff's files:

root #chgrp larry /home/ff

root #chmod 770 /home/ff

For instance, when running Firefox as ff, downloaded files can only be saved in /home/ff or in /tmp.

Multiple humans

This method suffices if larry is the only person using this computer. Otherwise, we need to create a separate sandbox user for each real user in order to have separate sandboxed home directories for config files, e.g. ff_larry sandbox user for larry, ff_alice for alice, etc.

Disallow larry to run Firefox without sandbox (optional)

One problem is: larry can forget to run Firefox using sudo, and can run it directly as himself, e.g. by clicking the Firefox icon. For extra security, we tighten permissions of package files, so that only the sandbox user can run Firefox.

Disallow the owning user (root):

root #qlist firefox | xargs chmod u-x

Disallow all other users (e.g. larry):

root #qlist firefox | xargs chmod o-o

Let us set the group to ff, so ff user (the only one in ff group) can get access:

root #qlist firefox | xargs chown root:ff

However, ff should not modify any package files:

root #qlist firefox | xargs chmod g-w

Let's have a look at the results:

root #qlist firefox | xargs ls -l

-rw-r-x--- 1 root ff ... /usr/lib64/firefox/firefox

Great, now only ff can run (but not modify) Firefox.

These permissions would be lost on any package reinstall or upgrade. We create Portage hook that sets them after every installation:

root #mkdir -p /etc/portage/env/www-client/

echo 'post_src_install() {
  chmod -R u-x,g-w,o-o ${D}
  chown -R root:ff ${D}
}' > /etc/portage/env/www-client/firefox

Repeat for other packages

The script below can be used to quickly set up sandbox for any package.

FILE sandbox_user.sh

#!/bin/bash

[ $# -ne 4 ] && echo "Usage: $0 cat/package sandbox_user sandbox_user_home user" && exit 1

pkg=$1
sbuser=$2
home=$3
user=$4

useradd --home=$home --create-home --shell /bin/false --user-group $sbuser
chgrp $user $home
chmod 770 $home

echo "$user ALL=($sbuser) NOPASSWD: ALL" > /etc/sudoers.d/$sbuser

qlist "$pkg" | xargs chmod u-x,g-w,o-o
qlist "$pkg" | xargs chown root:$sbuser

bashrc="/etc/portage/env/$pkg"

mkdir -p $(dirname $bashrc)

echo "post_src_install() {
  chmod -R u-x,g-w,o-o \${D}
  chown -R root:$sbuser \${D}
}" > $bashrc

This script can be called like:

root #./sandbox_user.sh www-client/firefox ff /home/ff larry

Configure Firefox to output sound to larry's PulseAudio daemon

Add a Unix socket interface to larry's PulseAudio daemon:

larry@gentoo $ echo -e ".include /etc/pulse/default.pa\nload-module module-native-protocol-unix auth-anonymous=1 socket=/tmp/pulse-socket" > ~larry/.config/pulse/default.pa

Tell ff's PulseAudio client to connect over this socket:

root #echo -e "default-server = unix:/tmp/pulse-socket" > ~ff/.config/pulse/client.conf

root #chown ff:ff ~ff/.config/pulse/client.conf

root #chmod 644 ~ff/.config/pulse/client.conf

Restart larry's PulseAudio daemon and Firefox should now be able to output sound.

Firewall

An added benefit of sandboxing is that we can now easily create program-specific firewall rules, by matching the running user. For instance:

root #iptables -A OUTPUT -p TCP --dport https -m owner --uid-owner ff -j ACCEPT

Drawbacks

When larry clicks on links in other programs, they cannot open in ff's Firefox window. Instead, as a work-around, larry must copy the link, and paste in ff's Firefox window.